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INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE QUEST FOR GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

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Title: INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE QUEST FOR GLOBAL GOVERNANCE


1
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE QUEST FOR
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

2
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (IGOs)
NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)
  • There is an impressive number of nonstate actors
    on the world stage that are increasingly flexing
    their political muscles in efforts to engineer
    adaptive global changes.
  • Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) are
    purposely created by states to solve shared
    problems. This gives IGOs whatever authority they
    possess for the purposes states assign them. They
    meet at regular intervals, and they have a
    permanent secretariat (or headquarters staff) and
    established rules for making decisions. Example
    the United Nations.
  • Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) are
    associations comprised of members who are private
    individuals and groups. NGOs are generally
    regarded as less important than IGOs since they
    do not have states among their members. Example
    Amnesty International.

3
GLOBAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
  • IGOs differ widely in terms of their sizes and
    purposes. Some of them qualify as global with
    high levels of participation by the state actors
    all around the world, while some others are more
    limited in terms of their scope and regional
    implications.
  • In both global and regional scale, the expansion
    of IGOs contributed to the growth of a
    wide-reaching awareness on important global
    issues, such as, trade, disarmament, economic
    development, health, culture, human rights,
    labor, gender equality, poverty, debt...

4
THE UNITED NATIONS
  • The United Nations (UN) is the most known global
    intergovernmental organization. It is established
    at the end of World War II in 1945, and it is the
    successor of the League of Nations that was
    launched after World War I to prevent a possible
    reoccurrence of such a conflict.
  • The organization (UN) reflects the relationships
    of five victorious states (the Peoples Republic
    of China, the United States, Russia, the United
    Kingdom, France) that had been allied during
    World War II, and these states govern the
    organization through their veto authorities in
    the Security Council.
  • However, the veto privilege of the given five
    countries does not change the fact that the
    United Nations is a deeply important platform for
    all of its 192 member states to express and share
    their official concerns and attitudes on global
    matters, such as, terrorism, climate change...

5
PURPOSES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
  • Maintaining international peace and security,
  • Developing friendly relations among states based
    on the principles of equal rights and the
    self-determination of peoples,
  • Achieving international cooperation in solving
    international problems of an economic, social,
    cultural, and humanitarian character. Promoting
    and encouraging respect for human rights and for
    fundamental freedoms for all,
  • Functioning as a center for harmonizing the
    actions of countries to attain these common ends,
  • The UN is also a key actor for replacing the
    balance of power system with one based on
    collective security(guided by the principle that
    an act of agression by any state would be met by
    a collective retaliatory response from the rest).

6
The UNs Expanding Agenda
  • The history of the UN reflects the fact that both
    rich countries and developing countries have
    succesfully used the organization to promote
    their own foreign policy goals, and this record
    has led to the ratification of more than three
    hundred treaties and conventions consistent with
    the UNs six fundamental values international
    freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect
    for nature, and a sense of shared responsibility.
    Check p. 167 for conferences on different issues.
  • However the UNs ambitions may exceed its meager
    resources. The UN has been asked to adress an
    expanding set of pressing military and
    nonmilitary problems and its plate is full. In
    response to the demands that have been placed on
    it, the United Nations has evolved over time into
    a vast administrative machinery, with offices
    and staff not only in the UN headquarters in New
    York but also in centres throughout the globe.

7
THE UNS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE(contains the
following six major bodies)
  • General Assembly is the main deliberative body
    of the United Nations. All members are
    represented according to one-state/one-vote
    formula. Decisions are taken by a simple majority
    with the exception of important questions, which
    require a two-thirds majority. The resolutions
    passed by the General Assembly are only
    recommendations.
  • Security Council has the primary responsibility
    of dealing with threats to international peace
    and security. It consists of five permanent
    members with the power to veto decisions (the
    Peoples Republic of China, the United States,
    Russia, the United Kingdom, France), and ten
    non-permanent members elected by the General
    Assembly for two-year terms ( now) Bosnia and
    Herzegovina, Germany, Portugal, Brazil, India,
    South Africa, Colombia, Lebanon, Gabon and
    Nigeria

8
THE UNS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Economic and Social Council is responsible for
coordinating the UNs social and economic
programs, functional commissions, and specialized
agencies. This body has been particularly active
adressing economic development and human rights
issues. Trusteeship Council is charged with
supervising the administration of territories
that had not achieved self-rule. The Trusteeship
Council suspended operation in 1994, when the
last remaining trust territory gained
independence. International Court of Justice is
the principle judicial organ of the United
Nations. It is composed of fifteen independent
judges who are elected for nine-year terms by the
General Assembly and Security Council. The
competence of the Court is restricted to disputes
between states, and its jurisdiction is based on
the consent of disputants. Secretariat led by
the Secretary General (Ban Ki Moon), the
Secretariat contains the civil servants who
perform the administrative and secretarial
functions of the UN.
9
  • FUTURE CHALLENGES The past couple of decades
    have been reducing confidence in the UNs ability
    to fulfill its ambitious goals by building global
    norms, and the doubts compounded by many cases
    such as its ineffectiveness regarding the
    genocide in Darfur/Sudan, and its failure to
    tackle the human-rights conditions in Gaza during
    and after the 2008 military operation of Israel.

10
OTHER PROMINENT GLOBAL IGOs
  • The International Monetary Fund (IMF) formed at
    the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. Before
    World War II, the international community lacked
    global institutional mechanisms in economic
    nature. IMF is a truly global IGO designed to
    maintain currency-exchange stability, function as
    a lender for countries experiencing financial
    crises, and promote international monetary
    cooperation.
  • The World Bank formed at the Bretton Woods
    Conference in 1944. Originally established to
    support reconstruction efforts in Europe after
    World War II. However, the organization shifted
    its attention to finance projects aimed at
    promoting economic growth by offering loans with
    low interest rates and long repayment plans to
    underdeveloped and developing countries.
  • The World Trade Organization established in
    order to prevent a possible repetition of the
    Great Depression of 1929. Bilateral tariff
    concessions called the General Agreement on
    Tariffs and Trade (GATT) superseded by the World
    Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO is targeting to
    replace regional free-trade agreements or free
    trade-blocs with an integrated world-wide system
    of free trade.

11
REGIONAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
  • The Notion that intergovernmental organizations
    (IGOs) are run by the states that join them
    severely hinders or restrains the IGOs ability to
    rise above the interstate competition and pursue
    their own purposes.
  • However, a rival hypothesis emerges from the
    viewpoint or perspective related to the European
    Union (EU). The EU is a unique success story
    among other regional intergovernmental
    organizations. It is an example of peaceful
    cross-border cooperation producing an integrated
    security community with a single economy.

12
European Union
  • European Union is a regional organization
    created by the merger of the European Coal and
    Steel Community (1951) and the European Atomic
    Energy Community (1957).
  • The six founders of the European Coal and Steel
    Community were Belgium, France, West Germany,
    Italy, Luxembourg. Netherlands.
  • European Atomic Energy Community (1957). (same
    member countries).
  • It has since expanded geographically (1973, 1981,
    1986, 1995, 2004, 2007). Today it has 27 members.

13
The Functionalist Philosophical Rationale for
European Integration
  • European political integration process aimed at
    the establishment of an institution that would
    occasionally surpass individual European states,
    and this would contribute to the transformation
    of international relations from instruments of
    states to institutions over them.
  • European integration process that have led to the
    European Union has been influenced by the
    philosophical backgrounds of functionalism and
    neofunctionalism.
  • Functionalism is based on a peace by pieces
    formula in which the IGOs (in our case its the
    EU) built around the shared or pooled
    sovereignty of its member states instead of a
    total surrender of sovereignty. Cooperation on a
    functional area, if successful, will have a
    spill-over effect on the other functional areas
    (e.g., European Coal and Steel Community ?
    European Economic Community)
  • (Spillover deepening of ties in one functional
    area of cooperation among the member states of a
    regional IGO, and the expansion of the given
    integration to other areas or fields.)
  • Neofunctionalism holds that political
    institutions and policies should be crafted so
    that they can lead to further integration.

14
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
  • The Council of Ministers is the European Unions
    administrative unit, and consists of cabinet
    members drawn from the EUs member states. It
    represents the governments of the member states
    and retains final authority over the
    policy-making decisions.
  • The European Commission consists of twenty seven
    commissioners each one coming from member states
    who are nominated by the governments of the
    member states and must be approved by the
    European Parliament. Primary functions of the
    commission are to oversee the negotiation of EU
    treaties, propose new laws for the EU, execute
    the decisions of the Council of Ministers, manage
    the EUs budget.
  • The European Parliament represents the political
    parties and public opinion within Europe. It is
    elected in direct elections by the citizens of
    the EUs member states. The Parliament shares
    authority with the Council of Ministers, but the
    Parliaments influence has increased over time.
    It passes laws with the council, approves the
    EUs budget, and oversee the Commission

15
  • The European Court of Justice was given the
    responsibility for adjudicating claims and
    conflicts among the EU member states as well as
    between those states and the institutions within
    the framework of the European Union. In addition,
    the court interprets EU law for national courts,
    and also rules on cases concerning individual
    citizens.
  • OTHER REGIONAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
    (IGOs)
  • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is
    a military alliance created in 1949 primarily to
    deter the Soviet Union in Western Europe. NATO
    has expanded its membership and broadened its
    mission in the post-Cold War era.
  • The Association of Southeast Asian Nations
    (ASEAN)-established to promote regional economic,
    social and cultural cooperation.

16
  • The Economic Community of West African States
    (ECOWAS) established in 1975 to promote regional
    economic cooperation among its members.
  • The Organization of the Islamic Conference
    (OIC)-established in 1969 to promote Islamic
    solidarity and cooperation by coordinating a
    large number of activities among a number of
    Islamic states.
  • The Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
    established in 1980 to promote and regulate
    reciprocal trade among its twelve members.
  • The Southern African Development Community (SADC)
    established to promote regional economic
    development and integration
  • The South Asian Association for Regional
    Cooperation (SAARC)
  • established to promote economic, social and
    cultural cooperation

17
  • The Asia Pasific Economic Cooperation (APEC)-
    plans to establish free and open trade and
    investments in the region for developed and
    developing countries.

18
Success of Integration
  • What are the factors that make integration more
    succesful?
  • Chances of political integration wane without
    geographical proximity, steady economic growth,
    similar political systems, supportive public
    opinion led by enthusiastic leaders, cultural
    homogeneity, internal political stability,
    similar experiences in historical and internal
    social development, compatible economic systems
    with supportive business interests, a shared
    perception of a common external threat,
    bureucratic compatibilities, and previous
    collaborative efforts.

19
  • Discussion Can nation states cope with
    challenges facing the world?
  • Will global intergovernmental organizations
    replace the states as the primary actor in world
    politics?
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