Middle East

1
The Middle East

• Location Southwest Asia
• At the Crossroads of 3 Continents

2
Geography

• Much of the region is desert
• Ex. Sahara (Hot Lacks Water)
• Greatest population
  around coast rivers
• Mediterranean Sea, Red
  Sea,Persian Gulf
• Nile River, Tigris-Euphrates
• Provides half the worlds oil (OPEC)

3
Neolithic Revolution

• Switch from hunting and gathering to farming and
  permanent settlement
• Civilizations grew near sources of water
• Ex. Early River Valley
  Civilizations

4
(No Transcript)
5
Early River Valley Civilizations

• Located around Fertile Crescent
• Mesopotamia
• Land between 2 rivers
• Phoenicians, Sumerians,Egyptians,Babylonians,Persi
  ans, Hebrews

6
Fertile Crescent
7
Accomplishments

• Law Hammurabis Code
• Writing Systems
• Cuneiform (Sumerians)
• Hieroglyphics (Egyptians)
• Phonetics (Phoenicians)
• Architecture
• Pyramids-Egypt
• Ziggurat-Sumerians
• Hanging Gardens- Babylon
• The Wheel, Calendar, etc.

8
Phoenetics
Cuneiform
Hieroglyphics
9
Birthplace of Religions
Egyptians- Polytheistic Judaism Christianity
Eastern Orthodox Islam
10
Empires
Assyrian
Persian
Byzantine
Ottoman
11
Modern Conflicts

• War in Afghanistan
• Civil War in Lebanon
• Iran Iraq War
• Persian Gulf War
• Arab-Israeli Conflict

12
Civil War in Lebanon
1975-1990

• Brutal Civil War between Muslims Christians
• Palestinian refugees PLO leaders settle in
  Lebanon
• Muslims gain majority over Christians
• Israel Syria both enter conflict
• Uneasy truce in 1992

13
Islamic Fundamentalism

• Belief that Muslims should strictly follow
  Islamic law resist Western influences
• Ex. Iranian Revolution, Afghanistan

14
Iranian Revolution
1979

• Modernization vs. Traditionalism
• Pro-Western Shah overthrown
• Ayatollah Khomeini establishes a religious state
  based on Islamic law
• Ex. limited woman rights
• Seizes U.S. Embassy/Hostage Crisis

Vs.
15
444 Days of Captivity
16
Afghanistan
1979

• Muslim rebels overthrow Soviet puppet government
• Taliban set up extremist Islamic State
• Men cannot cut beards, Women must be
  covered,cannot attend school
• Taliban ousted by U.S. forces following 9/11

17
Iran Iraq War
1980-1988

• Border dispute explodes into full scale war
• Ayatollah Khomeini
  vs. Saddam Hussein
• Ravages both
  nations economies
• Iraq demands financial
  aid from Kuwait
• Cause of the Persian Gulf War 1990

18
Persian Gulf War
1991

• Iraq invades annexes Kuwait
• Operation Desert Shield
• US led coalition defends Saudi Arabia from Iraq
• Operation desert Storm
• Coalition destroys Iraqi forces liberates
  Kuwait
• UN levies sanctions against Iraq

19
Arab Israeli Conflict

• Jewish sovereignty in Palestine goes back 3000
  years until they were driven out in 135 A.D.
• Diaspora-dispersal of Jews from Palestine
• Arab Sovereignty dates back to the 7th century
• Both groups stake claim to the
  region

20

• Zionism- movement to establish a Jewish homeland
  in Palestine(1890s)
• Balfour Declaration-statement that British made
  supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine (WWI)
• Nazi persecution of the Jews sparks movement to
  Israel(WWII)

21
(No Transcript)
22
Partition of Palestine

• 1947- UN partitions Palestine into a Palestinian
  Jewish state
• Palestinians rejected partition
• 1948 David Ben Gurion announced creation of the
  state of Israel
• Arabs react by waging war in 1956,1967, 1973
• Defeated each time

23
Conflicts

• 1948- War for Independence
• 1956- Suez Crisis
• 1967- Six Day War
• 1973 Yom Kippur War

24
Attempts _at_ Peace

• 1978 Camp David Accords- Brokered by President
  Carter
• Peace Treaty between Israel (Menachem Begin)
  Egypt (Anwar Sadat)
• Israel returns Sinai Peninsula
• Sadat is eventually assassinated

25

• The Oslo Accords
• Portions of the West Bank Gaza were to be
  governed by a Palestinian authority led by Yasir
  Arafat
• Attempts at peace today have been hindered by
  terrorist attacks

26
The PLO

• Palestinian Liberation Organization
• Led by Yasir Arafat
• 1970s 1980s PLO militants began a terror
  campaign against Israel
• Intifada- Militant uprising inside Israel
• Terror attacks, boycotts, demonstrations continue
  today

27
Terrorist Groups

• Militant group such as Hamas, Hezbollah, Jihad,
  Al Qaeda commit acts of terrorism among Israel
  and its supporters

28
(No Transcript)
29
Turkey

• Kemal Ataturk (1923)
• Father of the Turks
• Modernizes/Westernizes Turkey
• Democracy
• Secularization-Legal System based on European
  rather than Islamic Law

30

• 1967 Six Day War- Israel occupied Gaza Strip,
  Golan Heights and the West Bank
• 1973 Egypt attacked Israels occupation of
  troops in the Sinai Peninsula, Syria attacked in
  Golan Heights
• 1978 Camp David Accords-Israels Begin,
  Egyptians Sadat and U.S.s Carter Egypt
  recognized Israel
• 1993 Israel and PLO self government for West
  Bank Palestinians

31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)