Traumatism. Primary and secondary prevention. First aid for injuries.

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Traumatism. Primary and secondary prevention.
First aid for injuries.
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BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESAND OPEN WOUNDS

• Fractures
• Dislocations
• Sprains
• Strains
• Open wounds

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BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESAND OPEN WOUNDS

• Signs

• DOTS
• Deformity
• Open wounds
• Tenderness
• Swelling

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Bone and Joint Injuries

• Variety of injuries can occur to bones and joints
• Frequently occur in accidents and falls
• Injuries may occur by themselves or together
• Examples
• Fractures
• Dislocations
• Sprains
• Strains

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BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESAND OPEN WOUNDS

• First Aid Interventions
• Rest
• Ice
• Compression
• Elevation

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Fracture

• A break in the bone
• 2 types
• Closed or simple fracture
• Injury to the bone
• No external or open wound on the skin
• Open or compound fracture
• Break in the bone
• Open wound on the skin

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Fracture

• Signs and symptoms vary and are not all present
  in every victim
• Deformities
• Limited motion or loss of motion
• Pain and tenderness at fracture site
• Swelling and discoloration
• Protrusion of bone ends through the skin
• Victim hears a bone break or snap
• Victim feel a grating sensation or abnormal
  movement

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First aid care

• Objectives of first aid care
• Maintain respirations
• Treat for shock
• Keep the broken bone from moving with devices
  such as splints or slings
• Prevent further injury
• Obtain medical help for the victim

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Dislocation

• Occurs when the end of a bone is displaced from a
  joint or moves out of its normal position within
  a joint
• Frequently accompanied by a tearing or stretching
  of ligaments, muscles or other soft tissue

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Dislocation

• Signs and symptoms
• Deformity of joint or limb
• Limited or abnormal movement
• Swelling and discoloration
• Pain and tenderness
• Shortening or lengthening of affected limb

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Dislocation. First aid care

• First aid care
• Basically the same as first aid for fractures
• Make no attempt to reduce the dislocation or
  replace the bone in the joint
• Immobilize the affected part in the position in
  which it is found by using splints and/or slings
• Avoid any movement of part because movement can
  lead to additional injury to nerves, blood
  vessels and other tissues in the area
• Obtain medical help immediately

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Prevention

• In children
• Create a safe environment around your home.
• Pay careful attention to preventing falls by
  gating stairways and keeping windows closed and
  locked.
• Supervise children carefully. There is no
  substitute for close supervision no matter how
  safe the environment or situation appears to be.
• Teach children how to be safe and look out for
  themselves.
• In adults
• Avoid falls by not standing on chairs,
  countertops, or other unstable objects.
• Eliminate throw rugs, especially for the elderly.
• Wear protective gear when participating in
  contact sports.
• For all age groups
• Keep a first aid kit handy.
• Remove electrical cords from floor surfaces.
• Use handrails on staircases.
• Use nonskid mats on the bottom of the bathtubs
  and avoid bath oils.

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Sprain

• Injury to the tissues surrounding a joint
• Usually occurs when part is forced beyond its
  normal range of motion
• Ligaments, tendons and other issues are stretched
  or torn
• Common sites for sprains are the ankles and
  wrists
• Signs and symptoms
• Swelling, pain and discoloration
• Impaired motion at times

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Sprain

• Sprains frequently resemble fractures or
  dislocations and injury should be treated as a
  fracture if there is any doubt
• First aid for sprain
• Application of cold to reduce swelling and pain
• Elevation of the affected part
• Rest and limited or no movement of the affected
  part
• Elastic bandage is used at times to provide
  support
• Obtain medical help if swelling is severe or if
  there is any question of a fracture

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Prevention

• The following steps may lower your risk of a
  sprain
• Wear protective footwear during activities that
  place stress on your ankle and other joints.
• Make sure that shoes fit your feet properly.
• Avoid high-heeled shoes.
• Always warm-up and stretch prior to exercise and
  sports.
• Avoid sports and activities for which you have
  not trained.

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Strain

• Strain
• Overstretching of a muscle
• Caused by overexertion or by lifting
• Frequent site is the Back
• Signs and symptoms
• Sudden pain
• Swelling
• And/or bruising

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Strain First aid

• Rest the muscle affected while providing support
• Bedrest with a backboard under the mattress is
  recommended for a strained back
• Cold applications initially to reduce swelling
• Warm wet applications applied later because
  warmth relaxes the muscles
• Obtain medical help for severe strains and all
  back injuries

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HEAD INJURIES

• Wounds
• Fractures
• Brain injuries

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HEAD INJURIES

• Wounds

• Scalp
• Facial

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HEAD INJURIES

• Brain injuries

• Concussion
• Contusion
• Compression

• First Aid
• Assess - CPR
• Treat for shock
• Position
• Prevent body heat loss

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Prevention

• Always use safety equipment during activities
  that could result in head injury. These include
  seat belts, bicycle or motorcycle helmets, and
  hard hats.
• Obey traffic signals when riding a bicycle. Be
  predictable so that other drivers will be able to
  determine your course.
• Be visible. Do NOT ride a bicycle at night unless
  you wear bright, reflective clothing and have
  proper headlamps and flashers.
• Use age-appropriate car seats or boosters for
  babies and young children.
• Make sure that children have a safe area in which
  to play.
• Supervise children of any age.
• Do NOT drink and drive, and do NOT allow yourself
  to be driven by someone whom you know or suspect
  has been drinking alcohol or is otherwise
  impaired.

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SPINAL INJURIES

• Responsive victim
• Unresponsive victim
• First Aid
• ABCDE
• Avoid unnecessary movement
• Treat for shock

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Prevention

• Wear seat belts.
• Do not drink and drive.
• Do not dive into pools, lakes, rivers, and other
  bodies of water, particularly if you cannot
  determine the depth of the water or if the water
  is not clear.
• Do not tackle or dive into a person with your
  head

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CHEST INJURIES

• Injuries to the chest wall
• Open
• Closed
• Lung injury

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CHEST INJURIES

• Rib fracture
• Flail chest
• First Aid
• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• Support chest wall
• Treat for shock

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CHEST INJURIES

• Hemothorax
• Pneumothorax
• First Aid
• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• Seal the wound
• Treat for shock
• Position

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ABDOMINAL INJURIES

• Closed injuries
• Open injuries

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ABDOMINAL INJURIES

• Closed injuries
• First Aid
• ABCDE
• Treat for shock

• Blow to the abdomen

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ABDOMINAL INJURIES

• Open injuries
• Penetrating wound
• Protruding organs

• First Aid
• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• dressing
• Treat for shock

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BURNS

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Electrical
• First degree
• Second degree
• Third degree

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BURNS

• )

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First Aid

• Thermal

• Stop burning
• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• Cooling
• Dressing
• Treat for shock
• Position
• Prevent body heat loss

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First Aid

• Chemical

• ABCDE
• Treat Cause
• Remove chemicals
• Dressing
• Treat for shock
• Position
• Prevent body heat loss

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First Aid

• Electrical

• Safety!!!
• Assess - CPR
• Treat Cause
• Cooling
• Dressing
• Treat for shock
• Position
• Prevent body heat loss

• Risk

• VF cardiac arrest
• Respiratory arrest
• Muscle spasm