040TGp_time_mono

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Book 2 Unit 7
Space Travel
Text A The Hazards of Space Travel
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Contents
1
Background Information Cultural Notes
2
Lead-in
3
Text Structures
Text A
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Sentence Study
5
Words Phrases
Key to Exercises
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Background Information Cultural Notes
International Space Station (ISS)
Cosmic rays
Zero gravity
A supernova explosion
Columbia Space Shuttle
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Background Information Cultural Notes

• International Space Station (ISS)?????
• Led by the US, the ISS draws upon the scientific
  and technological resources of 16 nations
  Canada, Japan, Russia, 11 nations of the European
  Space Agency and Brazil. Orbit construction of
  the station began in 1998 and is scheduled for
  completion by later 2011. The ISS is by far the
  largest artificial satellite that has ever
  orbited Earth. It serves as a research laboratory
  that has a microgravity environment in which
  crews conduct experiments in biology, chemistry,
  medicine, physiology and physics, as well as
  astronomical and meteorological observations.

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International Space Station (ISS)

• ?????????????,?????????????????????????,??????????
  ??36?????,????470?,???1200???,?88?,???????110?,???
  ??????50??,?????7???????????40????????????????????
  ??15?????????,????????15?

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Background Information Cultural Notes

• Cosmic rays???? are high energy charged
  particles in our outer space that travel at
  nearly the speed of light. Most cosmic rays are
  the nuclei of atoms, ranging from the lightest to
  the heaviest elements in the periodic table. The
  term usually refers to the galactic cosmic rays
  (GCR), which originate in sources outside the
  solar system, distributed throughout our Milky
  Way galaxy. About 85 percent of the GCRs are
  protons (nuclei of hydrogen atoms), with
  approximately 12 percent consisting of alpha
  particles (helium nuclei). The remainders are
  electrons and nuclei of heavier atoms.

nuclei 'njukliai???(nucleus?????)
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Cosmic rays ????
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Background Information Cultural Notes
Zero gravity (0 g)???,?? Zero gravity is the
weightlessness--any condition equivalent to
experiencing little or no acceleration or
gravitational attraction, e.g., far from a
planet, star, or other massive body. The human
body is adapted to the gravitational field at the
surface of the Earth, which is one gravity (1 g),
and a weightless environment can have adverse
effects on human health.
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Background Information Cultural Notes

• A supernova explosion ?????
• is an extremely energetic star explosion.
  Supernovae (pl) are extremely luminous and cause
  a burst of radiation that often briefly outshines
  an entire galaxy, before fading from view over
  several weeks or months. During this short
  interval a supernova can radiate as much as
  energy as the Sun is expected to emit over its
  entire life span.

???
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Background Information Cultural Notes

• A supernova explosion

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Background Information Cultural Notes

• Columbia Space Shuttle????????
• was the first space shuttle in NASAs (National
  Aeronautics and Space Administration) orbit
  fleet. Columbia was successfully launched on
  April 12, 1981 and returned on April 14, 1981,
  after orbiting the Earth 36 times. It completed
  27 missions before being destroyed during
  re-entry on February1, 2003 near the end of its
  28th mission. All seven crew members were killed.

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Columbia Space Shuttle
The crew
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Lead-in
Question 1

• Why do you think humans explore into outer space?

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Lead-in
Question 1 Why do you think humans explore into
outer space?
PERHAPS there are three reasons for human beings
to explore the outer space. Firstly, humans want
to find larger space to live because of the
population explosion. Secondly, humans need new
resources to keep on survival because of their
waste and destruction of the limited energy
resources on the earth. Thirdly, human beings
want to explore the outer space just because they
want to see what the outer space looks like.
S U R V I V A L
D E V E L O P M E N T
C U R I O S I T Y
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Lead-in
Question 2

• What dangers or risks do you know about humans
  exploration into outer space?

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Question 2 Dangers or risks in outer space?
The dangers or risks are so far not easy to tell
clearly, but the greatest danger is to lose life
humans cant return to the earth. Other risks may
come from the unknown effects on human bodies,
for example, the effects of zero gravity and
cosmic rays.
And the unpredictable living beings.
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Lead-in
Question 3

• Do you know zero gravity?
• What effects does it have on human health?

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Lead-in
Question 3 Zero gravity
Zero gravity is the weightless condition. It may
have effect on humans bone, muscles, and heart,
and so on. The most common problem experienced
by humans in the initial hours of weightlessness
is known as space adaptation syndrome or SAS,
commonly referred to as space sickness. Symptoms
of SAS include nausea (n?zi? ??) and
vomiting, vertigo (??), headaches, lethargy (??),
and overall malaise (??).
Astronauts on the International Space Station
display an example of weightlessness. Michael
Foale can be seen exercising in the foreground
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Lead-in
Question 3 Zero gravity
The most significant adverse effects of long-term
weightlessness are muscle atrophy (????) and
deterioration of the skeleton, or spaceflight
osteopenia (????). These effects can be minimized
through a regimen (???) of exercise. Astronauts
subject to long periods of weightlessness wear
pants with elastic bands attached between
waistband and cuffs to compress the leg bones and
reduce osteopenia. Other significant effects
include fluid redistribution (causing the
moon-face appearance typical of pictures of
astronauts in weightlessness), a slowing of the
cardiovascular system, decreased production of
red blood cells, balance disorders, and a
weakening of the immune system.
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Text Structure

• I. Introduction (Para.1) of exploration reasons
  and technological advances

II. The dangers of humans exploration into outer
space (Para. 2-7)
III. The two problems (Para. 8-9)
IV. Conclusion (Para. 10-11) with three solutions
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Text Structure

• I. Introduction (Para.1)
• This paragraph presents the three reasons
  for humans exploration into the outer space and
  the tremendous advances that humans have achieved
  in rocket and spaceship technologies during the
  past 50 years.
• The three reasons are for new food sources
  or safe habitats as a result of population
  pressures or environmental changes humans
  curiosity.

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Text Structure

• II. The dangers of humans exploration into outer
  space (Para. 2-7)
• (Para.2-4) present the effects of zero gravity
  (0g) on humans bodies, such as loss of bone mass
  (????) and muscle deterioration (????), and other
  problems in the cardiovascular system, such as
  orthostatic intolerance (??????), cardiac
  arrhythmia and atrophy (?????????).

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Text Structure

• II. The dangers of humans exploration into outer
  space (Para. 2-7)
• (Para.5-7) present the health dangers of
  radiation in space, that is the effects that the
  high-energy, ionizing cosmic ray (HZE) nuclei
  (????????) have on biological material, for
  example, the cancer-inducing, and other potential
  harmful effects.

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Text Structure

• III. The two problems (Para. 8-9)
• the shortage of funds because of NASAs cuts
  in funding and the shortage of the concerned
  informationthe basic information about the
  hazards of space and travel will not be completed
  within the next 10-20 years.

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Text Structure
IV. Conclusion (Para. 10-11) with three
solutions to use unmanned spacecraft to
provide massively increased funding for the ISS
to construct new lift-off capabilities and a
much faster spacecraft.
????
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Sentence Study

• The migration of expansive species depends on
  exploring their immediate or distant surroundings
  for new food sources or safe habitats it can
  also come as a result of population pressures or
  environmental changes. The human species has
  added another reason for exploration, namely
  curiosity. (Line 1, Para.1)

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migration n. ??,??,?? seasonal migration
????? the annual migration of birds??????? mass
migrations ?????? 1. There has been a migration
of people from the country to the towns.??????????
habitat n. (???)???,(???)?? 1. I prefer to see
animals in their natural habitat, rather than in
zoos. ????????????????????????? 2. The pandas
natural habitat is the bamboo forest. ????????????
?
To Be Continued
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Sentence Study

• Paraphrase
• The species whose size grows bigger and bigger
  would move to live in another place once they
  have explored the new surrounding for new food
  sources or safe living places. Such migration
  could be caused by expanding population or
  environmental changes.

1
???????????,??????????????????????,???????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????,???
??
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Sentence Study

• Although they do not reach the Earths surface
  because they are either absorbed by the
  atmosphere or deflected by Earths magnetic
  field, there are already some experimental data
  on the cancer-inducing properties of electron,
  neutrons and protons in cosmic rays and other
  potential deleterious effects on biological
  material from numerous Earth-based experiments on
  laboratory animals. (Line 3, Para.5)

2
deleterious adj. harmful to living things??,???
deleterious gases ???? be deleterious on
plants?????
To Be Continued
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Sentence Study
2
Paraphrase Although HZE nuclei do not reach the
Earths surface because they are either absorbed
by the atmosphere or redirected by the Earths
magnetic field, Earth-based experiments on
laboratory animals show cosmic rays can cause
cancer and other harmful effects.
??HZE??????????,??????????????,???????????????,???
????????????????,?????????????????????????????????
?????????????????
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Sentence Study
3

• The biological effects of HZE nuclei on cancer
  induction, the central nervous system, the immune
  system and the eyes are not well known, nor have
  the interaction of radiation effects at 0g been
  studied. (Line 3, Para.6)

interaction n. ??,???? the interaction between
performers and their audience ?????????? the
interaction of bacteria with the bodys natural
chemistry ?????????????????
To Be Continued
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Sentence Study
3
Paraphrase The humans do not know so well about
the biological effects of HZE nuclei on cancer
induction, the central nervous system, the immune
system and the eyes they have not studied the
interaction of radiation effects at 0g, either.
HZE???????,???????????????????????,???????????????
??????
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Sentence Study

• We also need a continuing, rotating crew of at
  least six astronauts to obtain epidemiologically
  significant data on the physiological and
  psychological effects of 0g on astronauts and the
  efficacy of countermeasures. (Line 3, Para.9)

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epidemiology n. the scientific study of the
spread and control of disease ???? epidemiologica
lly adv. ????? countermeasure n.
??,???? countermeasures to neutralize the threat
of terrorism ???????????
To Be Continued
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Sentence Study
4
Paraphrase we also need at least six astronauts
to take turns to work continuously to get
medically reliable data on the bodily and mental
effect of 0g on astronauts and the usefulness of
the actions taken to overcome the effects.
?????????????,??????????????????,???????,?????????
?????????????????????
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New Words Expressions
11. exert effect on 12. lift-off
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New Words
1. inquisitive
Para 1, Line 6

• inquisitive in'kwiz?tiv adj.
• (1) (disapproving)asking too many questions and
  trying to find out about what other people are
  doing, etc.????,???
• (2) very interested in learning about many
  different things ???,???,????

• ??????????????!
• Dont be so inquisitive. Its none of your
  business!
• 2. ????????????????????
• His inquisitive nature got him into trouble more
  than once.
• 3. ??????????
• Children are usually inquisitive.

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New Words
2. abyss
Para. 1, Line 8
abyss /æbis/ n.literally or figuratively a
very deep wide space or hole that seems to have
no bottom??
e.g. the abysses of sky and sea???? an
abyss of ignorance/loneliness?????/?????
the abyss of time???? 1. He was plunged into an
abyss of despair. ?????????? 2. The country
is stepping back from the edge of abyss.
???????
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New Words
3. mitigate
Para. 3, Line 3

• mitigate v. to make sth. less harmful, serious,
  etc.????????,???
• e.g. action to mitigate poverty ???????mitigate
  a punishment????
• mitigate anger????mitigate possible
  dangers??????????

• ????????????
• Soil erosion was mitigated by the planting of
  trees.
• 2. ?????????????
• Cool breezes mitigated the heat of the day.

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New Words
4. deterioration
Para. 4, Line 13

• deterioration n. the process of changing to an
  inferior state
• ??,??????

• e.g. a serious deterioration in relations between
  the two countries
• ????????? a sudden deterioration in the
  weather ??????mental deterioration ????
• ??????????,?????????
• He had trouble with bone deterioration and
  walked with a cane.

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New Words
5. deflect
Para. 5, Line 4

• deflect di'flekt n.
• (1) to change direction or make sth. change
  direction, especially after hitting sth.
  (???????)???/????,??

(2) to succeed in preventing sth. from being
directed towards you?? 1. ????????????? He
raised his arm to try to deflect the blow.
1. ??????????? The ball was deflected to the
near post. 2. ????????????? The ball deflected
off Reids body into the goal.
(3) to prevent sb from doing sth that they are
determined to do ?????(??????) 1.
????????????? He never lets himself be deflected
from his purpose.
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New Words
6. hazardous
Para. 7, Line 5

• hazardous 'hæz?d?s adj. involving risk or
  danger, especially to sbs health or
  safety???,???
• e.g. hazardous waste/chemicals ????/????
• a list of products that are potentially
  hazardous to health
• ?????????????
• a hazardous journey ?????
• 1. ???????????
• It would be hazardous to invest so much.

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New Words
7. exacerbate
Para. 8, Line 12

• exacerbate ek'sæs?beit, igz- v. to make sth.
  worse, especially a disease or problem
• ???,???,???,???
• e.g. exacerbate ones misery ???????

3. ???????????????? An anticipated bad harvest
will exacerbate social tensions. 4.
????????????????? The symptoms may be
exacerbated by certain drugs.
1.??????????? Her illness was exacerbated by the
heat. 2. ??????????????? His aggressive reaction
only exacerbated the situation.
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New Words
8. efficacy
Para. 9, Line 5

• efficacy efik?si n. the ability of sth.,
  especially a drug or medical treatment, to
  produce the results that are wanted??,??,??
• e.g. the efficacy of the new policy ??????

1. ????????????????? The efficacy of aspirin in
relieving headaches is well known. 2.
?????????????,????????? The methodology used in
pest control is continuously reviewed to enhance
effectiveness and efficacy.
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New Words
9. eclipse
Para. 11, Line 6

• eclipse i'klips (1) n. An eclipse of the sun is
  an occasion when the moon is between the earth
  and the sun, so that for a short time you cannot
  see part or all of the sun. An eclipse of the
  moon is an occasion when the earth is between the
  sun and the moon, so that for a short time you
  cannot see part or all of the moon. (???) ?

e.g. an eclipse of the sun/moon ??/?? a
total/partial eclipse??/?? 1. ??????????2008?2?21
?,????,???????????????????? The next total lunar
eclipse occurs Feb. 21, 2008, and will be visible
from the Americas, Europe and Asia.
To Be Continued
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New Words
9. eclipse
Para. 11, Line 6
(2) v. 1) ??,????(???)????/?? 1. ??????? The
moon eclipses the sun. 2. ???????? The moon is
partly eclipsed. 3. ??????????????????? Our
happiness was soon eclipsed by the terrible
news.
2) exceed in importance to do or be much better
than, outweigh??????(???????) 1.
?????????????? This eclipses a vital truth. 2.
??????????????,??????????? She is quite eclipsed
by her sister, who is cleverer, prettier and more
amusing.
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New Words
10. envisage
Para. 11, Line 13

• envisage v. to imagine what will happen in the
  future ??,??,??

1. ?????????????? What level of profit do you
envisage? 2. ?????????????? When do you envisage
being able to pay me back? 3. ??????????????? I
cant envisage her coping with this job. 4.
???????????????? We had not envisaged that the
situation would get so bad.
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Expressions
11. exert effect on
Para. 5, Line 2

• exert V. perform, practice (an action or
  operation)
• ??,??,??,??

• exert control over sb. ???????
• 2. exert powerful force against gambling
  ???????????
• 3. He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me
  to change my mind.
• ?????????????????

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Expressions
11. exert effect on
Para. 5, Line 2

• exert effect on ?????(???)

1. The cement works may exert effects on the
environment. ??????????? 2. The TV violence has
exerted effects on kids. ???????????????? 3. The
HZE (high-energy, ionizing cosmic ray) nuclei in
cosmic rays exert effect on atoms or
molecules. ??????HZE???????????????
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Expressions
12. lift-off
Para. 11, last but the 7th line

• lift off V. of a rocket, less frequently an
  aircraft to leave the ground and rise
  into the air (??)??,????

lift-off or liftoff (also blast-off) N. the
start of the flight of a space vehicle or the
time for that(????)??,??,???? ????
1. Liftoff is set for 830. ??????8?30?? 2. ten
minutes to lift-off ???????? 3. Lift-off
capabilities ????
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Key to Exercises

• 1. Reading Comprehension
• a. Choose the sentences that best express the
  meaning of the statement from the text.

(1) B (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) A
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Key to Exercises
b. Fill in the blanks with the information you
have learned in the text.
(1) the result of population pressures or
environmental changes curiosity (2) the
considerations of national security (3) bone and
muscle physiology and the cardiovascular
system (4) the cuts in funding by NASA the loss
of the Columbia space shuttle in February
2003 (5) to use unmanned spacecraft to
investigate the planets surface and land to
provide large funding for the ISS to construct
new lift-off capabilities and faster spacecraft.
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Key to Exercises

• 2.Vocabulary
• Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the
  words or phrases you have learned in the text.

• habitat (2) interplanetary (3) eclipsed
• (4)cosmic (5) countermeasure (6) simulate
• (7)cardiovascular (8) efficacy (9) harbour
• (10) sterilize

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Key to Exercises

• 2.Vocabulary

b. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in
meaning to the underlined one.

• A (2) C (3) B (4) A
• (5) B (6) C (7) D (8) A
• (9) D (10) A

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Key to Exercises

• 3. Cloze
• choose an appropriate word from the following
  list to fill in each of the following
• blanks. Each word can be used only once. Change
  the form where necessary.

• weakens (2) more (3) minimize
• (4) women (5) lasted (6) measured
• (7) between (8) following (9) never
• (10) comparing (11) determine (12) found
• (13) after (14) in (15) faster
• (16) burden (17) on (18) as
• (19) than (20) astronauts

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Key to Exercises

• 4. Translation
• a. Chinese to English
• Translate the following sentences into
  English.

(1) Chinas forestry construction still faces
serious problems such as the shortage, low
quality and uneven distribution of forest
resources and the continuous deterioration of the
ecological environment.
(2) After a period of international tension, the
two countries are now trying to normalize
relations with each other.
To Be Continued
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Key to Exercises

• 4. Translation
• a. Chinese to English
• Translate the following sentences into
  English.

(3) A computer can assess in seconds all the
combinations of about 10 to 15 moves ahead, but a
top champion chess player, given time, may be
able to intuitively envisage up to 20 moves or
more.
(4) Native trees only need low maintenance they
have developed natural defenses against insects
and disease over the centuries, and they rarely
need pruning or feeding.
To Be Continued
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Key to Exercises

• 4. Translation
• a. Chinese to English
• Translate the following sentences into
  English.

(5) New England is bordered on the south and east
by the Atlantic Ocean, which ought--one would
supposeto exert the modifying effect on climate.
(6) It is generally recognized that in a rapidly
changing world, the role of the school is not
only to impart knowledge. What is more important
is to develop in our young people an inquisitive
mind, communication skills, the quest for
knowledge and the skills for mastering new
information and learning how to learn.
To Be Continued
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Key to Exercises

• 4. Translation
• a. Chinese to English
• Translate the following sentences into
  English.

(7) His love had brought her many beautiful
dreams, but now it was casting her into a dark
abyss.
(8) We will raise the environmental awareness of
the whole society and encourage the public to
consciously opt for green consumption and
actively join in activities aimed at improving
the ecological environment, in an effort to
drastically improve the environmental quality of
the capital and build it into an ecological city.
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Key to Exercises

• 4. Translation
• a. Chinese to English
• Translate the following paragraph into
  English.

During weightlessness, the forces within
the body undergo dramatic change. Because the
spine is no longer compressed, people grow taller
(two inches or so). The lungs, heart, and other
organs within the chest have no weight, and as a
result, the rib cage and chest relax and expand.
Similarly, the weight of the liver, kidneys,
stomach, and bowels disappears meanwhile muscles
and bones come to be used in different ways.
To Be Continued
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Key to Exercises

• 4. Translation
• a. Chinese to English
• Translate the following paragraph into
  English.

Our muscles are designed to support us when
standing or sitting upright and to move body
parts. But in space, muscles used for support on
the ground are no longer needed for that purpose
moreover, the muscles used for movement around a
capsule differ from those used for walking on the
earth. Consequently, some muscles rapidly weaken.
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Key to Exercises

• 4. Translation
• b. English to Chinese
• Translate the following paragraph into
  Chinese.

??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????,???
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????,???????????
??????
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Key to Exercises

• 4. Translation
• b. English to Chinese
• Read the passage carefully and translate the
  underlined sentences into Chinese.

(1)????,???????????1???????????????????????,?????
?????????? (2)?????????????????,?????????????????
,?????????,?????????????????
To Be Continued
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Key to Exercises

• 4. Translation
• b. English to Chinese
• Read the passage carefully and translate the
  underlined sentences into Chinese.

(3)???,????????????(??????????,??????????)????????
????,?????????,???????????? (4)??????????,????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?? (5)????????????????????????????????????
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Key to Exercises

• 5. Writing

Write an essay in English with 150 word at least
under the title below.
Urgent to Improve Moral Standards Direction
??,???????????? ?????? ????????
SAMPLE
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Key to Exercises
SAMPLE 1
It is often reported that somebody made
unqualified wine with industrial alcohol. The
result was that many people suffer from
blindness. You may have heard that a group of
young students returning home by train were
robbed and bruised by several rogues. They asked
the train policeman to help them, but received no
answer. All of these reflect that social moral
standards are sinking day by day. This makes many
people begin to miss the old-good days of the
1950s when the social moral standards were much
better. The reasons for these phenomena are
varied. After 30 years of being opened to the
outside world, the Chinese have become more
materialistic than they used to be. Money seems
to be the dearest. To obtain more money, many
people take advantage of the governments
operation trying every means to pursue money.
Another possible reason is that our society pays
much more attention to material civilization
while cultural civilization is more or less
neglected. People are no longer concerned with
self-cultivation.
To Be Continued
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Key to Exercises
SAMPLE 1
It is time for us to deal with this situation.
Several steps must be taken. First, government
must set up strict management system. All those
who make shams must be punished. Secondly, the
society should advocate the sense of citizenship.
A person will never live in a vacuum, so he must
contact with others. Individuals
self-cultivation is the base of the whole
societys moral standards. The last, also the
most important, the ideological civilization
should be strengthened. With these, our society
will become better and the moral standards are
expected to be promoted.
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Text B In Memoriam The Mars landers legacy

• Key to the Exercises
• Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases
  given below. Change the form where necessary.
• (1) memoriam (2) legacy (3) confirmation (4)
  dwindling (5) plummet
• (6) scrape (7) excavate (8) panorama (9)
  gravitational (10) demise

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Text B In Memoriam The Mars landers legacy

• b. Complete the sentences with the information
  given in the text.

(1) phoenixs confirmation of water ice the
characterization of the Martian dirt (2) digging
up samples of Martian dirt and subsurface water
ice and analyzing them (3) dwindling sunlight
and light-obscuring dust in the atmosphere (4)
the poor weather at its landing site (5) the
confirmation of water ice under the surface of
the Martian arctic
(6) volcanic activity there is liquid water
around (7) it can act as a potential energy
source for microbe (8) complete 360-degree
panoramas close-up peeks at the ice in trenches
it dug (9) to examine the upper and middle
atmosphere to understand how materials escape
from the planets gravitational pull (10) they
would get stuck in openings and to the robotic
arms scoop
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Text B In Memoriam The Mars landers legacy

• c. Decide whether the statement is TURE or FALSE
  according to the text.
• (1)F (2) F (3) T (4) F (5) T
• (6) T (7) F (8) F (9) T (10) F

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THANK YOU!
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