Ling 390 - Intro to Linguistics - Winter 2005 Class 1 - Monday, January 3, 2005

1
Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Socioling studies cliffs notes
• http//www.putlearningfirst.com/language/research/
  research.html
• You should be able to provide basic info for at
  least Milroy, Labov and Trudgill

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Fischer (1958)
• Variable (ing) runnin vs. running
• Findings boys use -in more than girls
• More use of -ing in formal styles
• Difference between model boy and typical boy
• See p. 167 for fancy charts!

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Fischer (1958)
• Variable (ing) runnin vs. running
• Findings boys use -in more than girls
• More use of -ing in formal styles
• Difference between model boy and typical boy
• See p. 167 for fancy charts!

4
Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Labov - NYC (and from article)
• Variable (r)
• Department store study and Lower East Side study
  - diff methodologies, similar findings
• Dept Store - where are the womens shoes? Fourth
  floor. Excuse me? Fourth Floor! - see p. 169
• LES study shows hypercorrection pattern (see next
  slide) style shifting shows some
  consciousness/prestige
• Also investigated (th) use of stop t instead
  of fricative in words like thin (see p. 169)
• Sharp stratification between MC and WC shown in
  (th) data indicates some consciousness -
  prestige

5
Wardhaugh Chapter 2

• What does this graph show?

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Wardhaugh Chapter 2

• What does this graph show?

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Wardhaugh Chapter 2

• What does this graph show?
• Sharp stratification

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• England - Norwich (Trudgill) and Reading
  (Cheshire)
• Trudgill looks at 16 phonological variables
• Finds social correlation with (ng), (t) and (h)
• Similar patterns to Labov - style and class show
  distribution with more attention, more standard,
  and higher class, more standard (and women, more
  standard)
• Chershire looks at grammatical variable (s) and
  others
• She finds that there are linguistic factors as
  well as social ones - what word the variable is
  in uses a vernacular index to indicate how
  vernacular a child was in participating in
  various events and how vernacular a word was
  (kill more vernacular)
• Covert prestige vs. overt prestige
• Gender differences

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• England - Norwich (Trudgill) and Reading
  (Cheshire)
• Trudgill 1972 (article)

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Detroit - Wolfram and Shuy
• African Americans in Detroit
• Variables (ng), (z) 3rd person singular present
  tense agreement
• (ng) finds again! that more formal styles, more
  standard (more -ing) higher social class has
  more standard variant women have higher standard
  variant
• See graphs p. 178-179 - contrast (z) grammatical
  variable vs. (r) phonological one shows sharp
  stratification vs. gradual stratification,
  respectively

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Detroit - Wolfram and Shuy
• Sharp stratification (morphosyntax) vs. Gradual
  stratification (phonological)

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Various
• Macaulay finds variation within variation
• Each class had variation that was more continuous
  than the group averages indicate - reflect more
  complexities of social structure
• Still informative because each class varies
  around a central point and those point (averages)
  are different for each class

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Various
• Kiesling (1998) - frat men
• Uses discourse analysis and comes up with
  explanations for men who do not fit pattern of
  (ing) usage (see p. 181)
• He has an article on use of DUDE as a discourse
  marker indicating solidarity in American Speech
  if interested!

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Various
• Kiesling (1998) - frat men not all men behave
  the same (p. 77)

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Various
• Kiesling (1998) - frat men not all men behave
  the same (p. 78)

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Various
• Kiesling (1998) - frat men not all men behave
  the same in contexts (p. 85)

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Various
• Kiesling (1998) - frat men not all men behave
  the same ling factors (p. 82)

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Montreal French
• Various studies (Sankoff and Cedegren) or
  (Sankoff and Vincent) show that linguistics
  factors are important as well as social ones
• See p. 182 for discussion
• Teheran Persian
• Hudsons discussion of Jahangiri of Tehran
  Persian
• See p. 180 for clear differentiations and use of
  standard deviation - different than Maccaulay

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Belfast - the Milroys
• Looked at 3 communities in Northern Ireland
  Ballymacaarrett, the Hammer, and the Clonard
• (a) and (dh) variables
• Show mixed findings but links social networks
  with the use of vernacular forms - indicating
  that a close-knit network serves as a norm
  enforcement mechanism which means the ling norms
  (use of vernacular forms) can be more enforced in
  close-knit networks than not - not the same
  orientation to the standard forms if the
  standard within the group is seen as a
  different form
• Kind of like covert prestige

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Other issues
• Final consonant cluster reduction or AKA t/d
  deletion AKA coronal stop deletion - Wolfram and
  Labov show that there is a mix of linguistic and
  social factors affecting the variation
• This shows linguistic and social effects
• Variable rules used to more to satisfy Chomsky
  (Sociolinguists use Varbrul to calculate weight
  of effect of variable over .5 means that this
  factor favors production under .5 means this
  factor disfavors production)
• Variable analysis now used to compare the weight
  of all these factors on their influence of
  variation - VARBRUL Variable Rule program -
  http//www.york.ac.uk/depts/lang/webstuff/goldvarb
  /
• See p. 187-194
• With respect to t/d/ deletion - With ling
  factors, there is an order of constraints - which
  factors affect the variation the most

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Other issues
• Labov shows a different order for some speakers
  rather than others (e.g., before pause)
• Table on p. 191 shows that different varieties
  have a different constraint system - one ling
  variable is realized in different ways in
  different varieties - not just that one variable
  EXISTS in some varieties but not others rather
  how each variety treats that variable is what
  differentiates it from another variety
• Variable rules used to be used more to satisfy
  Chomsky
• Variable analysis now used to compare the weight
  of all these factors on their influence of
  variation

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Wardhaugh Chapter 7 SOME FINDINGS

• Other issues
• t/d deletion Labov (1994)

p. 554 What does functional/counterfunctional
mean?
p. 553