Ch. 8, Lessons 8.4-8.6 Using Verbs Correctly

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Ch. 8, Lessons 8.4-8.6Using Verbs Correctly

• Principal Parts, Regular and Irregular Verbs,
  Tense

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8.4 -VerbTense

• Tense of a verb shows the time of the action or
  the state of being expressed by the verb
• Six tenses
• Present
• Past
• Future
• Present perfect
• Past perfect
• Future perfect

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8.4 Present Tense

• Shows action happening now or repeatedly
• Example
• She runs each afternoon.

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8.4 - Present Perfect Tense

• Shows action already completed
• Example
• I have run enough for today.
• notice it includes a helping verb

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8.4 Past Tense

• Shows action that happened in the past.
• Example
• I ran yesterday for the first time.

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8.4 - Past Perfect Tense

• Shows action that happened before another past
  action or time.
• Example
• I had run before it began to snow.

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8.4 Future Tense

• Shows action that will happen in the future.
• Examples
• I will run tomorrow. I shall complete the race
  in an hour.
• shall can be used almost any time that you would
  use will

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8.4 - Future Perfect Tense

• Shows action that will be completed before
  another future action or time.
• Example
• By next Tuesday, I will have run six miles.

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8.4 Verb Consistency

• Dont switch from one verb tense to another
  unless you show a change in time
• Examples
• Incorrect Harry swims and practiced a lot.
• Correct Harry swam and practiced a lot.
• Also correct Harry swims and practices a lot.

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8.5 Active Voice

• Active voice subject performs an action
• Example
• Scientists see changes in their field every week.
• Use the active voice to make your writing better

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8.5 Passive Voice

• Passive voice the subject receives the action
  of the verb
• Example
• Changes are seen by scientists every week.
• In passive voice, the verb phrase includes a form
  of the helping verb be (ex is, are, am, been,
  was, were) and the past participle of the main
  verb (ex are seen)
• Use passive voice when doer of action is unknown
  or not important

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Extra Notes - Progressive Forms

• Each tense also has a progressive form
• Progressive form shows continuing action or state
  of being
• Made up of the verb be present participle (ex
  is working)
• Not a separate tense, just a different form each
  tense can take
• see p. 244 in your red textbook for examples

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8.6 Verbals and Verbal Phrases

• Verbal is a word that is formed from a verb but
  is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb
• Types of Verbals/Verbal Phrases
• Participle/participial phrase
• Infinitive/infinitive phrase
• Gerund/gerund phrases

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8.6 The Participle

• A verb form that can be used as an adjective
• Two kinds of participles
• Present participles (end in ing)
• Past participles (end in d or ed)
• some past participles are formed irregularly

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8.6 Participles and participial phrases

• Participle a verb that acts like an adjective
  and ends in ing or ed
• Example
• The tired boaters battled the blowing storm.
• Participial phrase a group of words that
  includes a participle
• Example
• Anne, hoping for the best, calmed the others.
• a participle can be described by an adv/adv
  phrase, and may have a DO

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8.6 Examples of Present/Past Participles

• Present participle
• Mrs. Sanchez rescued three people from the
  burning building. burning, the pres part of verb
  burn modifies the noun building
• Past participle
• Well trained, the soldier completed her mission.
  past part trained modifies noun soldier
• Irregular
• We skated on the frozen pond. irregular past
  part frozen modifies noun pond

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8.6 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

• Infinitive a verb form that almost always
  begins w/ the word to and works as a noun, an
  adjective, or an adverb
• see text p. 191 for examples
• Infinitive phrase group of words that includes
  an infinitive
• Example
• To be with friends on a boat is fun.

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8.6 Gerund and Gerund Phrases

• Gerund verb form that acts like a noun and ends
  in ing. Gerunds can be used as a subject, PN,
  DO, or OP
• see text p. 191 for examples
• Gerund phrase group of words that includes the
  gerund
• Example
• Paddling in rough water takes muscle power.

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Tips and Tricks

• If youre not sure if an ing word is a gerund or
  participle, sub a pronoun for the ing word.
• If the sentence still makes sense w/ the pronoun,
  its a gerund.
• Example
• Original sentence Playing tennis is good
  exercise.
• Sub It is good exercise.
• (it still makes sense, so playing is a gerund)

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Six Confusing Verbs

• Sit and Set
• Rise and Raise
• Lie and Lay

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Sit and Set

• Sit to be seated/to rest
• Doesnt usually take a direct object
• Set to put in a place
• Usually takes a direct object
• If you dont know whether to use sit or set,
  substitute put. If the sentence make sense w/
  put, use set. If not, use sit

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Rise and Raise

• Rise to go up/to get up
• Doesnt take a direct object
• Raise to lift/to cause to rise
• Usually takes a direct object
• Verb raise also has other definitions such as to
  grow or to bring to maturity

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Lie and Lay

• Lie to recline/to be in a place/to remain lying
  down
• Doesnt take a direct object
• Lay to put down/to place something
• Takes a direct object