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The Mongols and The Changes in the World

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Title: The Mongols and The Changes in the World


1
The Mongols and The Changes in the World
  • Chapters 14 and 15
  • AP World History
  • Mr. Bartula

2
1000-1350 The Age of the Nomadic Empires
  • A period in which the Eastern Hemisphere became
    more tightly integrated than ever before.
  • The primary reason for this integration was the
    establishment of trans-regional empires by
    nomadic groups like the Seljuk Turks and the
    Mongols
  • As a result, long distance travel on a large
    scale became possible.

3
1000-1350 The Age of the Nomadic Empires
  • Other factors encouraging this integration
  • The expansion of Islam (Dar alIslam).
  • Indias continuing economic power (but cultural
    decline)
  • Such conflicts as the Crusades and the
    Reconquista exposed Europeans to the benefits of
    long distance trade and other contact.

4
Long Distance Travelers Marco Polo 1271-1295
5
Long Distance Travelers Ibn Battuta 1325-1353
6
The Mongols Introduction
  • The Mongols probably did more to change the
    course of world history in a shorter period of
    time than any other group of people in the
    600-1450 period.
  • Their conquests ushered in a period of frequent
    and extended international contact.

7
The Mongols Introduction
  • The Mongols have generally been cast in a
    negative light as brutal conquerors.
  • Since the Mongols left few records of their own,
    most of what we have comes from conquered peoples
    or enemies.
  • Europeans, who had fewer contacts with the
    Mongols, generally had a more favorable view of
    them. Many Europeans saw the Mongols as potential
    allies against the Muslims.

8
The Mongol Homeland
9
The Mongol Homeland and Ethnic Groups
10
The Mongols Early History
  • Pastoral nomadic people living in Central Asia.
  • Disunited tribes who regularly fought each other
  • Polytheistic and animistic religion

11
Chinggis Khan
  • The greatest happiness is to vanquish your
    enemies, to chase them before you, to rob them of
    their wealth, to see those dear to them bathed in
    tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and
    daughters.

12
Chinggis Khan
  • Be of one mind and one faith, that you may
    conquer your enemies and lead long and happy
    lives. (to his army)
  • With Heavens aid I have conquered for you a
    huge empire. But my life was too short to
    achieve the conquest of the world. That is left
    for you. (to his sons on his deathbed)

13
Chinggis Khan 1162-1227
  • Son of a Mongol chieftain, originally named
    Temujin.
  • Omens at birth indicated he would be a mighty
    warrior
  • At age 13, he was betrothed to Bortei (14),
    daughter of another Mongol chieftain.
  • His father was murdered by another clan, and
    Temujin swore vengeance.

14
His rise to power
  • Rejected as leader of his tribe, Temujin and his
    family were abandoned and left alone on the
    plains. Temujin swore vengeance.
  • Temujin ruled his family with an iron will,
    killing his younger brother when he caught him
    stealing food.
  • Temujins reputation as a stern and fierce leader
    spread among the Mongols.

15
His rise to power
  • Taken prisoner on a hunting trip, Temujin killed
    his guards and escaped, increasing his reputation
    for bravery and ferocity.
  • At age 17 he married Bortei. Her father gave him
    a rare black sable skin as a present. This
    became his symbol.
  • Shortly after, Temujins fathers tribe begged
    him to become their chieftain, and he issued a
    call for all Mongols to unite under his
    leadership.

16
Temujin Takes Power
  • In 1183 Temujin was declared Great Khan of the
    Mongols and renamed Chinggis precious warrior
    or spirit of light.
  • Chinggis wanted to break down tribal identities
    and create a unified Mongol state
  • Chinggis organized the Mongol army into decimal
    units (100, 1000, 10000) and sent orders through
    hand signals.

17
Mongol Cavalry
  • The Mongol army could cover immense distances at
    spectacular speeds.
  • Soldiers carried dried meat and powdered yaks
    milk as provisions
  • At times they would nick their horses necks and
    drink the blood while at full gallop.

18
Mongol Fighting Tactics
  • The Mongols prized their horses for being fast
    and flexible, allowing them to strike hard and
    then disappear.
  • The Mongols developed a composite bow which could
    be fired on horseback with a range of 350 yards.
  • The Mongols developed leather and wooden saddles
    and stirrups for longer and more comfortable
    journeys.

19
Chinggis and His Conquests
  • Chinggis Khans ruthlessness and ferocity were
    well known, and indeed, he would exterminate
    entire cities which opposed him. Individuals who
    became his enemies were treated the same way.
  • However, he always gave cities and regions the
    chance to surrender first, and if they did so, he
    was merciful.
  • Chinggis was a master of the feigned withdrawal
    he would pretend to retreat, drawing his enemies
    after him, then quickly surround them.

20
Chinggis and His Conquests
  • Chinggis led two successful campaigns against
    northern China.
  • After two Mongol merchants were killed by a
    Central Asian ruler for being insolent, Chinggis
    launched a major invasion in 1219.
  • After several years of devastating conflict, all
    of Central Asia was brought under Mongol control.

21
The Death of Chinggis Khan
  • Shortly after the conquest of Central Asia,
    Chinggis was killed in a hunting accident.
  • His body was buried in a secret location
    somewhere in Mongolia.

22
Chinggis Legacy
  • The four most significant legacies of Chinggis
    Khan are his tolerance of many religions
    his creation of the Mongols' first script
    (written language) his support for trade and
    crafts his creation of a legal code
    specific to the Mongols' pastoral- nomadic
    way of life
  • Recent DNA studies indicate that 1 out of every
    12 men alive today may be a descendant of
    Chinggis Khan

23
The Mongol Empire at the death of Chinggis Khan
24
The Mongols After Chinggis Death
  • Chinggis sons and grandsons divided and expanded
    the Mongol Empire. There were four major
    Khanates
  • The Great Khanate Mongolia and China
  • The Kipchak Khanate (Golden Horde) Russia
  • The Ilkhanate Persia and the Middle East
  • The Chagatai Khanate Central Asia
  • By maintaining law and order, the Mongols
    instituted the Pax Mongolica or Mongolian
    Peace.

25
The Mongols After Chinggis Death
  • The Mongols continued to practice religious
    toleration
  • A postal system for sending messages was
    established
  • Trade and commerce were encouraged, trade routes
    were kept open and guarded by Mongol soldiers

26
The Mongol Ecumene (Community)
27
Mongol Conquests After Chinggis Death
  • Batu Khan (grandson) invaded Russia between
    1236-1242.
  • The capital of Kiev and many other Russian cities
    were destroyed, and the Russians reduced to
    peasants.
  • Batu and his successors then invaded Eastern
    Europe and penetrated all the way to Vienna.
  • The death of Ogadei Khan (son of Chinggis) caused
    the Mongols to retreat to Central Asia, never
    returning to Europe.

28
Mongol Conquests After Chinggis Death
  • Hulagu Khan (grandson) invaded the Middle East in
    1256-57 and destroyed the Islamic heartland.
  • The Seljuk Turks, who had dominated Dar alIslam,
    were permanently weakened.
  • In 1257 Baghdad was sacked and burned. The last
    Abbasid Caliph was chopped to pieces.
  • The Mongols destroyed many other Islamic cities
    before being stopped by the Mameluke Turks in
    Egypt.

29
The Mongols in China
  • Until recently, most historians assumed that the
    Mongols impact on China (as well as the rest of
    their empire) was only negative.
  • The Mongol conquest of China caused great loss of
    life
  • The Mongols eliminated (temporarily) the
    Confucian examination system
  • The Mongols distrusted the Chinese and placed
    them at the bottom of their hierarchy.

30
The Mongols in China
  • The Mongols did encourage trade and international
    contacts which were helpful to China
  • The Mongols also adapted or borrowed ideas from
    the Chinese for their governments.
  • The Mongols also patronized artists and
    scientists in China.

31
Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty
  • Kublai Khan, grandson of Chinggis, became Great
    Khan in 1260
  • By 1279 he had completely conquered the Southern
    Song and established the Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368.
  • His Chinese capital was established at Daidu
    (modern Beijing)
  • Kublai Khan preferred to use Chinese in his
    government, rather than having direct Mongol rule.

32
Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty
  • The Mongols encouraged artisans, artists, and
    poets in China.
  • Chinese merchants, who had formerly had low
    status, were now favored by the Mongols.
  • The Mongols reopened and guarded trade routes and
    increased the supply of paper money in China and
    the rest of their empire.
  • The Mongols were religiously tolerant. Buddhists
    themselves, they allowed Muslims, Christians, and
    others to worship freely throughout their empire.
  • The Mongols established a vast road and
    communication system throughout China

33
Kublai Khan and his favorite wife, Chabi
34
Mongol Women
  • Mongol women were accustomed to a great deal of
    independence and freedom.
  • In China, Mongol women refused to accept
    footbinding.
  • This, and the open manner in which Chabi and
    other Mongol women lived, shocked the Chinese.

35
The Forbidden City
  • Kublai Khans palace complex in Daidu
  • Constructed in many different architectural
    styles to symbolize the multicultural nature of
    the empire.
  • Also contained a huge campground on which the
    Mongols would camp in yurts once or twice a year.

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Mongol Collapse in China
  • Two failed invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281
  • Kublai Khan gradually lost interest in life after
    the death of Chabi and retreated to the Forbidden
    City
  • Neo-Confucianists in China opposed the Mongols as
    foreign invaders
  • Mongol dislike for the Chinese was alienating.
  • After Kublais death in 1294 there were
    succession problems and economic decline.
  • Natural disasters (floods, earthquakes) increased
    in the early 1300s
  • The Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming
    Dynasty in 1368, and the Mongols were driven out
    of China.

39
The Fall of the Mongolian Khanates
  • Overexpansion meant the empire grew too large to
    be successfully governed.
  • Succession problems plagued the khanates.
  • Economic decline and rebellions also played a
    role.
  • By the late 1300s only the Kipchak Khanate or
    Golden Horde remained in place.

40
Timur-i-Lang The Last Gasp of the Mongols
1336-1405
  • Claimed to be a descendant of Chinggis Khan
  • Created large empire in Central Asia
  • Attempted but failed in the conquest of China
  • Patron of the arts, encouraged trade
  • Destructive, merciless, conqueror

41
Consequences of the Mongol Empire
  • Reopening of the trade routes between Europe and
    Asia increased trade and other contacts.
  • The destruction of Dar alIslam and the weakening
    of the Seljuk Turks allowed the Ottoman Turks to
    move into the Middle East.
  • Russia was cut off from European contact.
    Princes from Moscow led the final revolt against
    the Mongols, and that city became the new Russian
    capital

42
Consequences of the Mongol Empire
  • The opening of the trade routes and encouragement
    of trade allowed bubonic plague to enter Europe.
  • The Ottoman Turks in the Middle East were more
    interested in military expansion than trade
    Conquest Over Commerce.

43
The World After the Mongols
  • The new Ming Dynasty in China was proud of the
    return to native Chinese rule.
  • To reinforce this pride, the Ming Emperor
    authorized voyages to the Indian Ocean to
    demonstrate Chinese power and to collect tribute.
  • The admiral in charge of the voyages was Zheng He.

44
Zheng He (Cheng Ho) 1371-1435
  • Born a Muslim in southwest China
  • Captured and castrated by Ming soldiers at age 10
  • Sent to Beijing to serve, with other eunuchs, in
    the emperors court
  • Highly intelligent and well educated
  • Intent on asserting Chinas power in the world.

45
Zheng Hes treasure ships
46
Zheng Hes treasure ships
  • Three and four masted ships were built by the
    Chinese as early as the 8th century.
  • The Song and Yuan Dynasties continued to build
    larger ships with compartments, holds for fresh
    water, and private cabins.
  • The Ming Dynasty introduced treasure ships 400
    feet long, with nine masts, twelve sails, four
    decks, and room for hundreds of passengers and
    tons of cargo.
  • The ships were armed with small cannons.

47
The Seven Ming Voyages
  • 1405-07 317 ships (60 treasure ships) 28,000
    passengers. S.E. Asia, Malacca, India
  • 1407-09 68 ships to India
  • 1409-1148 ships to Malacca, Ceylon, India
  • 1413-15 63 ships to Persian Gulf

48
The Seven Ming Voyages
  • 1417-19 Persian Gulf, Red Sea, East Coast of
    Africa
  • 1421-22 Red Sea, East Coast of Africa
  • 1431-33 100 ships, 27,000 men. South China Sea,
    Indian Ocean, Red Sea

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Opposition to the Ming Voyages
  • Neo-Confucianists opposed the Ming Voyages for
    several reasons
  • The Mongols and other enemies could attack by
    land
  • The voyages were wasteful and extravagant
  • Money could be better spent on internal
    improvements to the Grand Canal
  • Foreign trade was unnecessary and would only hurt
    China.
  • The eunuchs who supported the voyages were not
    really Chinese and therefore suspect.

52
The Voyages End
  • In 1433 the Neo-Confucianists convinced the
    Emperor to order a halt to the voyages.
  • The treasure ships were ordered dismantled
  • Ships larger than two masts were banned.
  • Records of the voyages were ordered destroyed.
  • Zheng He died in 1435, almost forgotten.

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Changes in Europe
  • The 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries were a period
    of growth and development for Western Europe.
  • Warmer weather, longer growing seasons, and
    better tools increased agricultural production
    and population.
  • Trade and commerce grew and encouraged
    urbanization and wealth

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The Calamitous 14th Century
  • Climate changes led to The Little Ice Age in
    the Northern Hemisphere ca 1300-1800.

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The Hundred Years War 1337-1453
  • Conflict between England and France
  • One of numerous conflicts during the 14th century.

59
The Famine of 1315-1317
  • By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the
    land they could cultivate.
  • A population crisis developed.
  • Climate changes in Europe produced three years of
    crop failures between 1315-17 because of
    excessive rain.
  • As many as 15 of the peasants in some English
    villages died.
  • One consequence ofstarvation povertywas
    susceptibility todisease.

60
The Black Death!!!
  • May have originated in East Africa among small
    rodents.
  • Drought conditions (El Nino) caused the rodents
    to migrate to East African cities on Indian Ocean
    coast.
  • Ships traveling to India and China carried the
    plague.
  • Plague then traveled across Eurasia on recently
    reopened trade routes (Mongols)

61
The Black Death!!!
  • The plague arrived in Constantinople in 1347
  • It reached Italy later that year and spread
    through the rest of Europe by 1349.
  • Travelers on trade routes carried the plague
    throughout Europe
  • One third of Europes population died

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Symptoms
65
Black Death Flagellants
66
A Physician
67
Lancing the Buboes
68
The Plague Today
69
Recovering from the 14th Century
  • New Monarchies England, France, Spain, Portugal
    centralized governments reestablished by 1400
  • Economic recovery took longer, but was well
    underway by 1450.
  • In Northern Italy, movement was well underway
    towards a new era . . .

70
The Renaissance
  • Secular rather than religious (humanism)
  • Turning away from the Medieval Era
  • Idealization of classical culture
  • Began in Northern Italys urban areas among
    wealthy merchants (il popolo grosso)
  • Centered in Florence

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Renaissance Attitudes
  • Curiosity, interest in science and discovery
  • Man is the Measure of all Things
  • Have better life in the present world

73
Early Renaissance Creative Spirits
  • Dante Aligheri 1265-1321
  • Author of The Divine Comedy
  • Written in the vernacular
  • Father of the Italian Language
  • Love Poems to Beatrice

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Early Renaissance Creative Spirits
  • Francesco Petrarch 1304-1374
  • Father of Humanism
  • Creator of the Sonnet
  • Recovered Greek and Roman texts
  • Love poems to Laura

76
Early Renaissance Creative Spirits
  • Giovanni Bocaccio 1313-1375
  • Author of The Decameron
  • Spoof of Medieval poetry and the cult of the
    ideal woman

77
Early Renaissance Creative Spirits
  • Lorenzo Valla 1407-1454
  • Developed linguistic analysis to determine age
    and authenticity
  • Proved The Donation of Constantine was a forgery
  • Faith in the Church was shaken for many

78
Early Renaissance Creative Spirits
  • Giotto di Bondone 1267-1337
  • The first modern painter
  • Naturalistic, three dimensional paintings

79
The Madonna in Glory
80
The Madonna in Majesty
81
The Epiphany
82
The Mourning of Christ
83
The Duomo and The Campanile di Giotto (Florence)
84
The High Renaissance
  • Late 1400s through mid 1500s
  • Active Periods of the three greatest Renaissance
    artists
  • Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519
  • Raphael Sanzio 1483-1520
  • Michelangelo Buonarrati 1475-1564

85
Leonardo The Virgin of the Rocks
86
Leonardo The Mona Lisa
87
Leonardo The Last Supper
88
Leonardo Sketches and Plans
89
Leonardo Notebooks
90
Raphael Madonnas
91
Raphael Portraits
92
Raphael The School of Athens
93
Michelangelo The Pieta
94
Michelangelo David
95
Michelangelo The Dying Slave
96
Michelangelo Sistine Chapel Ceiling
97
Michelangelo Sistine Chapel
98
Michelangelo Sistine Chapel
99
Michelangelo Sistine Chapel
100
Michelangelo The Last Judgment
101
Michelangelo The Last Judgment
102
Northern Renaissance Jan Van Eyck
103
Northern Renaissance Hans Holbein
104
Europe by the 1400s
  • Expanding economies
  • Strong interest in trade for Asian luxury goods
  • Ottoman Empire blocked eastern trade routes
  • Desire for alternative trade routes
  • Shortages of gold and other precious metals
  • Negative balance of trade
  • New shipbuilding methods and technology
    encouraged sea exploration

105
The Reconquista
  • After Italy, the next most important area of
    change in Europe was the Iberian peninsula
  • In the war called The Reconquista, the Spanish
    and Portuguese drove out the Muslims by 1492
  • Spanish and Portuguese monarchs regarded the
    defense and expansion of Christianity as a sacred
    duty

106
Other Changes Beyond Europe
  • Ethnocentrism judging other cultures by your own
    standards
  • In the Americas, Aztec and Inca cultures were
    already having difficulties (economic, political)
    by the late 1400s.
  • The Ottoman Turks in the Middle East were
    increasingly unable to deal with European
    competition

107
Polynesian Migrations
108
Polynesian Migrations
  • Migrations through the Polynesian islands
    continued.
  • Hawaii developed an agricultural society based on
    swine. It was divided into regional kingdoms
    with stratified societies dominated by priests
    and nobles.

109
Polynesian Migrations
  • Another migration pattern led settlers to the
    islands now called New Zealand.
  • The Maoris developed a warlike culture based on
    agriculture
  • The Polynesian cultures developed in total
    isolation from other civilizations

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