St Johns PE Revision Course AQA AS PHED 1

1
St Johns PE Revision CourseAQA AS PHED 1

• Session 1b
• Opportunities for participation
• Provision and Barriers

2
Providing for active leisure who does what?

• Characteristics and goals of the public, private
  and voluntary sectors
• Advantages and disadvantages of each
• Concept of best value in the public sector
• The role of schools

3
Recreation Who Provides?
Compulsory Tendering Best Value, PFI
Private Sector
Local Authority
Who Provides?
Taxes Policies Sport Eng
Q3
Voluntary Sector
National Government
4
Public Sector
Multi-Sport Leisure Centres Pools Outdoor sport
facilities Parks Adventure playgrounds Skateboard
parks Dual use sports halls
Public Good Paid from taxation Lottery Social
provision - disadvantaged Subsidised Use
Local Authority Leisure Plans Development/Refurbis
hment of facilities Targeting under represented
groups Community Health
5
Private Sector
Small medium size facilities Specialist areas
squash, health fitness Profit driven high
value services High quality high
cost Cherry pick leave large high cost to
public sector No public service committment
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Voluntary Sector
Not for profit Provision for members social
responsibility remit Volunteer organisers 5
million people, 1 billion hours Clubs some very
exclusive Facilities owned, leased, rented
Players pay to pay Annual subscription Funded by
bar/social club, fund raising Lottery/Local
Authority grant aided
Sport Clubs all sports! Ramblers, Environmental
groups Cycling clubs, jogging clubs
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Best Value

• Designed to drive up the quality of provision in
  the public sector and use money more efficiently
• 1980 - Compulsory Competitive Tendering
• Tendering against private sector
• 2000 Best Value
• Challenge, Consult, Compare, Compete

Both strategies have resulted in improvement in
public services
Q4
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Advantages - Disadvantages

• React quickly to meet a demand
• Can meet individual needs
• Can restrict membership

• Costs of joining are relatively high
• Restriction on numbers will mean that some people
  are unable to join
• Social exclusivity or actual discrimination
  against certain groups
• A sport may suffer from exclusivity image

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Advantages - Disadvantages

• Huge range of activities at all levels
• People with enthusiasm and drive can provide the
  opportunity
• Costs are very low so rarely an economic
  disincentive
• Financial support from local and national
  government, and local business sponsorship

• Unplanned and relatively uncontrolled
• No equal opportunities remit
• Continuity cannot be guaranteed
• Financial support from national and local bodies
  cannot be guaranteed
• It can still be socially exclusive

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Advantages - Disadvantages

• This sector must act in the public good for the
  local community - must provide physical
  recreation facilities
• Resources allocated from local and national
  taxation
• No need to make a commercial profit can make
  loss if in the public or community interest

• Funds limited by national and local tax policies
  
• L. Authorities in disadvantaged areas have less
  money to spend
• L. Authorities cannot borrow money so easily to
  invest in facilities for the future

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Participation - the role of schools

• Characteristics of each Nat Curric Key Stage
• Objectives of each NC Key Stage
• What schools provide and the impact on pupils
  experiences
• Development of school club links PESSCLS, Whole
  Sport plans
• School Sports Co-ordinator, Sports Colleges
• Active Sports
• Sports Leaders UK
• TOPS programme
• Benefits to individuals, community and government

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PE National Curriculum Aims
Physical confidence, skilfullness and competence
Opportunities to be creative, competitive and
challenged
Perform in a range of activities
Positive attitudes towards active, healthy
lifestyles..knowledge of the body in action
Opportunities for all
Plan, Perform and Evaluate actions critical
performer
Discover aptitudes, abilities and preferences,
choices about lifelong physical activity.
Jan07Q2
Ans
13
NC Structure

• Key Stages 1-4 (Y0-2, Y3-6, Y7-9, Y10-11)
• Content areas Games, athletic activities, swim,
  gymnastics, dance, outdoor adventure
• Theoretical and Practical elements
• Progression from general gt specialised
• Areas of Assessment
• End of KS Levels statements Levels 1-8
  Exceptional achievement

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PE NC- Structure - March 2009

• KS1 dance, games, gym
• KS2 dance, games, gym 2 from swim, athletic,
  outdoor/adventure
• KS3 4 from games, gym, dance, athletic,
  adventure/outdoor or life saving/swimming,
  fitness and health
• KS4 2 from the above

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Role of the Government

• Department of Culture, Media and Sport
• from the playground to the podium
• National Sports Councils/Sport England advise,
  invest in and promote community sport
• Exchequer or Lottery funding
• Sport pathways community sport, sport clubs,
  coaching/officiating, volunteers, facilities

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Effects on School Provision

• 2001 The Governments Plan for Sport lead to
  Game Plan
• Major increase in participation health
  benefits, reduction in crime, increased social
  inclsuion
• Improved international success feel good
• Grass roots focus on under-represented groups
• NGB - PESSCL, Whole Sport Plans, Active Sports
• Schools - TOPS programme, Sports Leaders UK,
  Sports Colleges, School Sport Coordinators

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Using the power of sport to improve the lives of
young people.
Aim - deliver high quality PE and sport to all
young people, regardless of ability.
Top Tots (18m 3y), Top Start (3-5) Top Play
(4-9), Top Sports (7-11), Top Link (14-16), Top
Sportsability (Disabled)
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YST - Schools
PESSCL enhance the take-up of sport opportunities
by 5-16 year olds.   By 2008 - 85 of school
children to spend a min of 2hrs/week PE and
school sport within and beyond the curriculum 5
hour offer
Specialist Sports Colleges - PE and sport at the
centre of the curriculum. 480 2008. Raise
attainment in the school and local hub School
Sport Partnerships (SSPs) are groups of schools
working together primary secondary. Partnershi
p Dev Manager gt School Sports Co-ordinators
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STEP ON (11-14) In PE introduced to sports
leadership and volunteering, learn how to plan
and manage their own sports season. STEP IN (14
-16) Through volunteering learn to manage and
support school-based sporting events. STEP OUT
(16-19 ) Move from school to community-based
volunteering.
Leadership Academies (14-19) provide the
opportunity to refine and develop volunteering
skills and experiences.
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School Sport College - Objectives
Whole school improvement - overall personal
development wellbeing of all learners to raise
standards and achievement
Develop an enhanced, inclusive curriculum e-c
programme that maximises participation in PE and
Sport
Community (Secondary ) work with partner
secondary schools to provide high quality
learning opportunities and standards in PE and
Sport
Raise school standards of attainment in PE and
Sport through high quality teaching and learning
Community (Primary) develop high quality teaching
and learning in partner primary schools,
maximising resources sharing of good practice.
Community (wider inc business /employer partners
) to develop sport opportunities , promoting
participation and achievement in Physical
Activity and Community Sport.
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Active Sports now superseded by Whole Sport Plans
(2009)
School Aged Children
16 Community Sport
Elite Performers
Active Schools
Active Communities
World Class Programme
Youth Sports Trust
Sport England
UK Sport/ NIS
English NGBs - Whole Sport Plans British NGB
One Stop Plans Planning for grass roots to elite
level NGBs able to direct own funding Measured
against Key Performance Indicators
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The sporting relay race
Sport England Increasing participation Community
sport Children and Young People
School/Club Links
School/Community links FE /community
links Sustaining Participation Player pathways
Competitive club sport Volunteering
Coaching/ officiating

• Youth Sport Trust
• Raising standards in PE and School Sport
• Increasing the quality and quantity of PE and
  school sport
• Opportunities for young leaders and volunteers
• Supporting talent and competition

• UK Sport
• World Class Performance
• Olympic and Paralympic Success
• Drug Free Sport
• World Class events
• International sporting relations

Key Partners NGBs, Local Clubs, Schools, Further
Education, Higher Education and Local Authorities
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Sports Leaders UK
To create an army of volunteers for sport (and
other activities) from young people aged
9-19 Level 1 - Level 3
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Barriers to participation solutions

• Equal opportunity, discrimination, stereotyping,
  inclusiveness, prejudice - examples from sport
• Target groups
• Disability
• Socio-economic class
• Ethnic group
• Gender
• Solutions to overcome discrimination in sport to
  raise participation.

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Barriers to Participation - Exam Focus
Barrier to Participation
What Easy marks
Action Hard marks
Why Harder marks
June05Q2
Ans
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Opportunity
Stereotype
Barriers to Particpation
Esteem
Provision
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Glossary you need to know these
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Opportunities
Sports Equity Alliance made up of- Sporting
Equals Womens Sports Foundation English
Federation of Disability Sport Sport Equity
Targets NGBs. Local Authorities
National Database of where to participate
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Barriers to Participation - Disability
Work Professional, Coach, Administrator Opps?
PE Separate? Integrated?
Legal right Public provision Private restriction?
Opportunity
Sport Social expectations Role model
Stereotype
Participation Range of choice
Barriers Stereotype, Opportunity, Esteem,
Provision
Elite-Performer Respected for performance or for
overcoming disability
Esteem
Provision
Acceptance lt gt Respect
Media Coverage?
Finance
Facilities
Training Coaching
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Disability Sport - Types
Adapted version of standard type Wheelchair
basketball, rugby, volleyball Wheelchair
marathons Blind football, bowls
Integrated with able-bodied
Separate own activities Adapted or Designed
Q7Jan03
Ans
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Inclusion spectrum

• Inclusive everyone included
• Modified changes to rules/ equipment to include
  disabled people
• Parallel same activity, but approach differs
  according to disability
• Included specially adapted activities
• Separate disabled people practice/ prepare in
  isolation

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Disability Sport England Disability Sport Events

• Creates opportunities for participation in sport
  for people with all disabilities, at all levels
  (mostly grass roots)
• Develops profile classification system

Charity responsible for selecting, preparing,
entering, funding and managing Britain' s teams
at the Paralympic Games and Paralympic Winter
Games
Parasport - Disability Sport Institute
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British Paralympic Association

• BPA is umbrella body
• Co-ordinates arrangements for British disabled
  athletes to compete internationally
• Organises special Olympic Games for disabled
  (Paralympics)
• Members include DSE, National Disability Sports
  Organisations, Scottish Association for the
  Disabled, GB Wheelchair BBA

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National body responsible for developing sport
for disabled people in England. Work closely with
the five National Disability Sports Organisations
British Amputees and Les Autres Sports
Association British Blind Sport WheelPower-Britis
h Wheelchair Sport Mencap Sport UK Deaf Sport
Advisory body on sports disability to LA
recreation departments, education departments,
schools and NGBs
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Overcoming the barriers - Disability
Terminology Differently-abled? Those with a
disability
NGB
Sport England
Disability Knowledge Type (physical mental),
degree
Equity targets
Sport provision Integrated Separate Adapted
NC equal opportunities
Technological research
The law
Disabled Sports Associations - BDSA
Disability politics, activists
Media broad-casting guidelines
Access employment law
Local Authorities
Local Govt access policies
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Ethnicity and Ethnic differences

• Proportion of ethnic minorities in sport does not
  reflect proportions within society
• On average fewer ethnic minorities participate in
  most sports
• However in certain sports participation is at a
  greater level than should be expected
• Lack of black coaches/ selectors/ managers/
  administrators
• Presumptions made about intellectual ability
• Privileged white culture holding onto
  advantages
• Opposition to black involvement/lack necessary
  experience

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Barriers to Participation - Racism
Work Performer but Coach, Administrator Opps?
PE Teacher expectations -
Genetics Performance due to genetic superiority?
Legal right Public provision Private restriction?
Opportunity
Sport Social expectations Role model
Stereotype
Participation Range of choice Stacking, Centrality
Barriers Stereotype, Opportunity, Esteem,
Provision
Elite-Performer Respected for performance But
genetic?
Esteem
Acceptance lt gt Respect
Provision
Media Type of Coverage
Recognition-Status Role models push pull
scenario
Finance
Equal reward Prize, Pay, Appearance money
Facilities
Training Coaching
Q2Jan04
Ans
38
Sporting Equals
Works to develop policy and practice to promote
racial equality in sport Sport for Communities
Project, providing grants to increase
participation in sport by ethnic minorities,
migrants and refugees Developing a Standard for
Local Authority Sport and Leisure Services
Promoting Racial Equality Through Sport
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Overcoming the barrier of racism
Individual sport initiatives e.g. Kick racism
out of Football
Sport Equity (targets)
Sport England
NGB
NC equal opportunities
Ethnic sport organisations
Research education
The law
Media broad-casting guidelines
Local Authorities
Anti-discrimination legislation
Local Govt anti-discrimination policies
40
Barriers for women

• History - traditional attitudes of sports
  manliness, male preserve
• More sports for males/some ban women/unfriendly
• More role models - predominantly male coaches
• Discrimination against women - adverse publicity
• Some NGBs slow to mix
• Lack of transport/financial support/child
  care/time/partner support
• Lack of promotional materials
• Poor timing of activities
• Racism - ethnic minorities may face cultural
  barriers
• Disabled women may face further barriers

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Womens own attitudes

• Lack of self-confidence
• Lack of motivation
• Myth of developing masculinity
• Alleged unsuitability to competitive sport
• Lack of positive self-image
• Many women prefer group activities, many female
  activities are individual

42
Media coverage and stereotyping

• Less coverage than males, sport promotion
  male-dominated
• Sexist comments common
• Women presented as physically inferior, weaker
  than men
• Womens sport presented as less interesting
• Women porttrayed as passive and non-competitive
  men expected to compete and achieve
• Sports derived from competitive and violent
  activities - considered masculine
• Girls PE based on posture and grace - socially
  acceptable

43
WSF
Improve, increase and promote opportunities for
women and girls in sport and physical
activity Campaign for change through raising
awareness and influencing policy
The Foundations achievements include Women into
Coaching - free training for women in sports
coaching and leadership Women in Sport Magazine,
resource packs and guides for schools and clubs
Providing women with information about funding
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Barriers to Participation - Sexism
PE Girls games, Different PE activities
Work Performer, Coach, Administrator
Mothers Social expectation Time Childcare
Legal right Public provision Private restriction
Stereotype
Sport Male dominion Non-feminine
Opportunity
Barriers Stereotype, Opportunity, Esteem,
Provision
Participation Range of choice Custom female
appropriate
Elite-Performer Sexuality Respected for
performance/ appearance?
Esteem
Acceptance lt gt Respect
Provision
Equal reward Prize, Pay, Appearance money
Finance
Media Amount coverage Type of Coverage
Recognition-Status Media, society, role models
Facilities
Training Coaching
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Traditional class discrimination in sport

• Sport was used by upper classes as a form of
  social control
• Sports divided on a class basis, excluding
  working classes from aristocratic sports
• Upper classes with the necessary time and money
  for sporting pursuits
• Control of physical resources by upper classes
  who also limited level of involvement of working
  classes

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Barriers to Participation - Class
Upper Class Leisure as right Gifted amateur Had
time money Exclusive
Working Class Family poverty Earn the right to
leisure Excluded
Wealth differential Opportunities to participate
restricted by Cost of equipment, travel,
membership
Social Darwinism Born to rule Fixed place within
society
Middle Class Salaried Control over time Had
money Control of leisure/sport Exclusive rules
Socio-Economic
Historical
Ideological
Social Exclusivity Restrictive membership
policies Private clubs Reluctance to cross
social barriers
Egalitarian Equal work equal pay Equality of
opportunity Meritocracy
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Overcoming the socio-economic barrier
Whole Sport Plans
Sport Equity Targets
Discrimination issues
Sport England
NGB
Local Authorities
Resource issues
Public provision
Sport Aid
CCT
Best Value
Government urban social regeneration
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Barriers to Participation - Exam Focus
Barrier to Participation
What Easy marks
Action Hard marks
Why Harder marks
June05Q2
Ans