Civil Rights Movement

1
Civil Rights Movement Takes a New Turn
Chapter 21, Section 5
2
Early Civil Rights Movement
Examples of tactics, organizations, leaders, and
Supreme Court decisions of the civil rights
movement up to 1960
Supreme Court Decisions
Organizations
Challenging Segregation
Tactics
Leaders
3
The Triumphs of a Crusade
Steps that African Americans took to desegregate
buses and schools from 1962 to 1965.
Voting Rights Act passed and 24th Amendment
ratified
1965
1964
Johnson signs Civil Rights Act.
1963

• Protests, boycotts, and media coverage force
  Birmingham to end segregation.
• Kennedy orders troops to desegregate the
  University of Alabama.
• March on Washington takes place.

1962
A federal court case allows James Meredith to
enroll in the University of Mississippi.
4
African American Anger

• James Baldwin
• A gifted writer in his book, Notes of a Native
  Son and The Fire Next Time, he wrote about the
  damaging effects of segregation

5
Impact of Segregation

• De jure segregation rigid pattern of separation
  dictated by law
• De facto segregation separation that resulted
  from the ghetto conditions in many northern
  cities not by law
• Baldwin argued that because of segregation
• African Americans were becoming independent
• African American anger was ready to erupt

6
Malcolm XBackground

• Born in 1925
• Father was a Marcus Garvey fan
• Grew up during the Great Depression/turns to
  crime
• While in prison for attempted burglary Malcolm
  studied about the Nation of Islam
• When he was released in 1952 he converted to
  Islam changed his name to Malcolm X

7
Elijah Muhammad Self-Sufficiency

• The leader of the Nation of Islam
• Believed in black nationalism.
• Did not believe in seeking political change.
• Taught that Allah (the Muslim name for God) would
  bring about a Black Nation, a union among all
  nonwhite peoples.
• Meanwhile, he thought that blacks should lead
  righteous lives and work to become economically
  self-sufficient.

8
Muhammad Ali converted to the Nation of Islam in
1965, under leader Elijah Muhammad.
9
Malcolm X Black Nationalism

• Malcolms beliefs
• Preached black nationalism, that African
  Americans must be a strong, unified, and separate
  community.
• White society was perceived as the enemy.
• Malcolm X disagreed with the goals and strategies
  of the early civil rights movement.
• all of this non-violent, begging-the-white-man
  kind of dying
• Believed blacks shouldnt integrate but form a
  separate, self-reliant society and economy.

10
Malcolm X Mecca

• As an Islamic pilgrimage, Malcolm X traveled to
  Mecca, Saudi Arabia in 1964.
• Seeing millions of interracial Muslims worshiping
  peacefully together completely transformed him.
• Changed his hatred toward whites and separatist
  views.

11
Malcolm X Assassinated

• When he returned, he appeared ready to work with
  other civil rights leaders and white Americans.
• His radical transformation created enemies with
  his former friends.
• In 1965, just nine months after returning, he was
  shot to death in NY by members of the Nation of
  Islam.

12
Black Power RagesSNCC Shifts Gears

• Stokely Carmichael, born in Trinidad, came to the
  U.S. and became involved in the SNCC.
• Grew tired of nonviolence and arrests
• He believed in the idea of Black Power
• Blacks need to unite as one
• Blacks need to build a sense of community
• Blacks need to stand up and fight for freedom
• Carry guns for self-defense

The only way we gonna stop them white men from
whippin us is to take over. We been saying
freedom for six years- and we aint got nothin.
What we gonna start saying now is black
power! Carmichael
13
Black Panther Party - 1966

• The Black Power movement turned into a new
  organization called the Black Panther Party led
  by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
• Blacks need to lead their own communities
• Blacks need to demand the federal govt rebuild
  the nation
• They believed in the idea that Power flows from
  the barrel of a gun Mao Zedong
• They believed in protecting each other and
  standing up for their own people even against the
  cops

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19
Riots in the Streets

• In 1964 riots ravaged major cities such as New
  York and Los Angeles
• The worst riot was the Watts Riot on August 11,
  1965
• Police pulled over a black man that was drunk
  driving
• When he resisted arrest one of the cops started
  beating him with his riot stick
• This action set of six days of riots in the Watts
  ghetto
• They burned cars and businesses
• Vandalized businesses and stole merchandise
• Shot at fire fighters as they came to put out
  fires
• 34 people died / 1,000 were injured

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21
MLK Assassinated April 4, 1968

• In 1968, King was campaigning for his movement to
  help reduce poverty in Memphis, Tennessee.
• Gave Mountain Top speech
• Next day, shot while standing on hotel balcony by
  James Earl Ray

22
Response

• The nations was devastated by Kings
  assassination.
• President Johnson order flags to half mast.
• Frustrated, many African Americans believed
  Kings death meant the death to nonviolent
  change.
• Riots broke out throughout the country.

23
Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated

• Robert F. Kennedy was a major civil rights
  supporter.
• Served as Attorney General for brother, JFK.
• Robert was running for the Democratic
  presidential nomination in 1968, and winning,
  when assassinated.

24
RFK Assassinated June 5, 1968

• Robert F. Kennedy lying wounded on the floor
  immediately after the shooting.
• Kneeling beside him is 17-year-old Juan Romero,
• who was shaking
• Kennedy's hand when
• Sirhan Sirhan fired the
• shots.

25
Legacy of the Movement

• The death of MLK and Bobby Kennedy caused many to
  question if true progress was made during the
  movement.
• Even today, racial, economic, and social
  divisions remain both nationally and globally.
• However, the civil rights movement succeeded in
  ending the legal discrimination of African
  Americans in the U.S., and in raising awareness
  of race issues in our world.
• Protest methods are used in other protest
  (Anti-war, Womens Lib)