Prokaryotic Cells

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Prokaryotic Cells
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Kingdom Protista
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Kingdom Protista

• Eukaryotic
• Mostly unicellular
• A very heterogeneous group include both
  heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms
• 11 phyla
• Lots of disagreements
• Whittaker leftovers

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Reproduction

• binary fission splits into two asexually
• multiple fission producing more than two
  individuals
• sexually by conjugation (opposite mating strains
  join exchange genetic material) 

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Kingdom Protista
3 informal groups Animal-like protists Fungus-like
protists Plant-like (algal) protists Misleading
some change
45,000 species
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Animal-like Protists
Amoeba Cilliates Flagellates
13,000 species
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Animal-like Protists

• Classified by the way they move

pseudopodia
cilia
flagella
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• Heterotrophs ingest small food particles digest
  it inside food vacuoles containing digestive
  enzymes

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Animal-like protists

• Sarcomastigophora (amoebas, forams, radiolarian)
• Ciliophora (paramecium)
• Zoomastigophora (trypansoma)
• Apicocomplexa (Sporozoa)

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Animal-like Protists
Phylum Sarcomastigophora Amoeba Shell-like
glass or calcium carbonate structures Radiating
projections
13,000 species
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Note glass projections
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Foraminifera
Tropics beaches Most have symbiotic algae
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ForameniferaGlobigerina ooze
Covers about 36of the ocean floor
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Animal-like Protists
Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates) Largest, most
homogeneous Share few characteristicswith
others Movement coordinated Sex 8 mating types
8,000 species
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Paramecium
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Animal-like Protists

• Phylum Zoomastigophora (zooflagellates)
• Move using flagella1 to thousands of flagella
• Some parasites
• African trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness
  tsetse fly
• Chagas Disease kissing bug
• Leishmaniasis sand fly
• giardiasis
• Vaccines? change protein coat!
• Gave rise to animals?

1,500 species
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African sleeping sickness
Tsetse fly
Trypansoma
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The Kissing Bug
Chagas disease
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Leishmaniasis
Sand fly
Leishmania
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Malaria
Mosquito victim Africa kills 1 million
children per year Thousands of sporozoites
injected Vaccine? (US support?)
Anopheles Mosquito
gameteocyte
Plasmodium sporozoite
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Fungus-like Protists
475 species
Phylum Oomycota(water molds mildew,
blights) Some unicellular others consist of
hyphae Decomposers,parasites Cell walls-
cellulose Related to algae based on cell wall
composition Named after reproductive method
No septa
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water molds
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Downy Mildew
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Mildew hyphae
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Fungus-like Protists
Phylum Myxomycota(slime molds) Bizarre Bright
colors Moving slime mass Acellular body
550 species
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Fungus-like Protists
Mildew Water molds Blights
Downey mildew
475 species
Slime molds
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Slime Mold Maze
The slime mold starts out evenly spread through
the maze, but when food sources are placed at two
ends, the slime mold retracts from everywhere but
the shortest path.
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Diatoms
Plant-like Protists

• Dinoflagellates
• Diatoms
• Euglena
• Cocolithophore
• Green algae
• Brown Algae
• Red algae

Dinoflagellates
Cocolithophore
Radiolarian
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Plant-like Protists
Phylum Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Marine and Freshwater
Some live in corals
Cause red tide
1,100 species
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Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp
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Bioluminescence
Pyrocystis fusiformis
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Red Tide
HAB (harmful algal blooms) can result in PSP
(paraletic shellfish poisoning)
Gonyaulax polyhedra, Gymnodium
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Red Tide
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Plant-like Protists
Phylum Chrysophyta (diatoms golden
algae) Link to green algae
13,000 species
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HAB- diatoms
2009 Washington State 10,000 seabirds deaths
Alfred Hitchkock The Birds
Diatom - Akashiwo sanguinea Domoic acid
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Plant-like Protists
Phylum Euglenophyta (euglenoids)
800 species
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Division Chlorophyta
Green algae Most freshwater or terrestrial Some
marine
7,000 species
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Chlorophyta Green Algae
Codium edule
Caulerpa sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Caulerpa racemosa
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Division Phaeophyta
Brown algae Marine habitats Example giant
kelp forests
1,500 species
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• Example of complex morphology Macrocystis
• holdfast - attaches to substrate
• stipe
• blade - main organ of photosynthesis
• bladder - keeps blades near the surface

Blade

Bladder
Stipe
Holdfast
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Phaeophyta Brown Algae
Hydroclathrus clathratus
Sargassum echinocarpum
Sargassum polyphyllum
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Division Rhodophyta
Red algae Most in marine habitats
4,000 species
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Rhodophyta Red Algae
Asparagopsis taxiformis