13.1 KEY CONCEPT Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment.

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13.1 KEY CONCEPT Ecology is the study of the
relationships among organisms and their
environment.
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Ecologists study environments at different levels
of organization.

• Ecology is the study of the interactions among
  living things, and between living things and
  their surroundings.

• Example Salmon
• Over 140 species eat salmon
• Important for economy
• Important for health of river systems

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• An organism is an individual living thing, such
  as an alligator.

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• A population is a group of the same species that
  lives in one area.

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• A community is a group of different species that
  live together in one area.

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• An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as
  well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other
  nonliving things in a given area.

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• A biome is a major regional or global community
  of organisms characterized by the climate
  conditions and plant communities that thrive
  there.

In your notes, give an example of each of the
five levels.
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Biomes

1. Tropical
2. Grassland - Tropical
3. Grassland - Temperate
4. Desert
5. Temperate Deciduous Forest
6. Temperate - Rain forest
7. Taiga
8. Tundra

• Minor Terrestrial Biomes
• Chaparral
• Savannah
• Alpine
• Aquatic Biomes
• Freshwater
• -Ponds and lakes
• -Streams and rivers
• -Wetlands
• 2. Marine
• - Oceans
• - Coral reefs
• - Estuaries

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13.2 KEY CONCEPT Every ecosystem includes both
living and nonliving factors.
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An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic
factors.

• Biotic factors are living things.
• plants
• animals
• fungi
• bacteria

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• Abiotic factors are nonliving things.

• moisture
• temperature
• wind
• sunlight
• soil

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In your notes, make two columns, one labeled
abiotic, the other biotic. With your group,
classify the following things into the two lists.

• Whale
• Clock
• Water
• Fish
• Paper
• Glass
• Aluminum
• Wooden ruler
• Sand
• Clouds
• Corpse
• Snail
• Air

• Steak
• Pork chops
• Salad
• Bread
• Plant
• Hair
• Finger nails
• Pipe
• Cotton fabric
• Wool
• Gold
• Plastic
• Grapes

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Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect
many other factors.

• Biodiversity is the assortment, or variety, of
  living things in an ecosystem.
• Rain forests have more biodiversity than other
  locations in the world, but are threatened by
  human activities.
• Only 7 of the worlds surface
• 50 of the worlds plant and animal species

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• A keystone species is a species that has an
  unusually large effect on its ecosystem.

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• Keystone species form and maintain a complex web
  of life.
• Examples Beaver, Salmon

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13.3 KEY CONCEPT Life in an ecosystem requires a
source of energy.
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Producers provide energy for other organisms in
an ecosystem.

• Producers get their energy from non-living
  resources.
• Producers are also called autotrophs because they
  make their own food.

Dark green heavy forestation, a lot of
producers Yellow very few producers
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Producers provide energy for other organisms in
an ecosystem.

• Consumers are organisms that get their energy by
  eating other living or once-living resources.

• Consumers are also called heterotrophs because
  they feed off of different things.

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Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight.

• Photosynthesis in most producers uses sunlight as
  an energy source.
• How do we, as humans, get the energy from the
  sun?
• Chemosynthesis in prokaryote producers uses
  chemicals as an energy source.

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13.4 KEY CONCEPT Food chains and food webs model
the flow of energy in an ecosystem.
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A food chain is a model that shows a sequence of
feeding relationships.

• A food chain links species by their feeding
  relationships.
• A food chain follows the connection between one
  producer and a single chain of consumers within
  an ecosystem.

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A food web shows a complex network of feeding
relationships.

• An organism may have multiple feeding
  relationships in an ecosystem.
• A food web emphasizes complicated feeding
  relationships and energy flow in an ecosystem.

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• Consumers are not all alike.

• Herbivores eat only plants.
• Carnivores eat only animals.
• Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
• Detritivores eat dead organic matter.
• Decomposers are detritivores that break down
  organic matter into simpler compounds.

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Producer? Consumer? Decomposer?

• Apple tree
• Mushroom
• Carrot
• Bamboo
• Cougar
• Bacteria
• Flower
• Pigeon
• Snake
• Catfish

P D P P C D P C C C
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• Specialists are consumers that primarily eat one
  specific organism or a very small number of
  organisms.

• Generalists are consumers that have a varying
  diet. Do not have a single source of food.

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• Trophic levels are the nourishment levels in a
  food chain.

• Primary consumers are herbivores that eat
  producers.
• Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat
  herbivores.
• Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat
  secondary consumers.
• Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants
  and animals, may be listed at different trophic
  levels in different food chains.

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Choose any three organisms and use them to fill
in the food chain below
Producer
Herbivore/Omnivore
Carnivore/Omnivore
Grass
Cow
Human
Plankton
Whale
Shark
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Label the diagram Producer(P), Herbivore(H)
Carnivore(C), Omnivore (O) Primary (1), Secondary
(2), or Tertiary (3) Consumer
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D