Title: Kai Schlegelmilch* Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Berlin/Germany Green Budget Reform in Germany
1Kai SchlegelmilchFederal Ministry for the
Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear
Safety, Berlin/GermanyGreen Budget Reform in
Germany Results and Perspectives 2nd-3rd
September 2004, Budapest, HungaryInternational
Conference Environmentally harmful subsidies and
ways to eliminate them Though views expressed
here represent government positions in general,
they are made on a personal capacity.
2Overview of Presentation
- National Climate Protections Programme in D
Targets, Scenarios and Measures in D - Features, Impacts and Experiences with the
Ecological Tax Reform (ETR) in D - Requirements for Design and Promotion of ETR
- Conclusions
- Prospects for Environmental Fiscal Reforms in
Germany
3Rationale for an Ecological Tax Reform (I)
- ETR is the central and most economic instrument
of the National Climate Protection Programme - Rationale Using THE signal in a market economy
for an efficient allocation of resources Prices
(including taxes) - The Objectives reduce energy consumption and
unemployment ( black labour markets), thus
achieving at least a double dividend - Tax bads like energy consumption, not goods
like labour thus also contribute to reduced
health and transport problems and urban sprawl - Asking the question What is the relevant
alternative to achieve the same target? turns
out to be decisive for the consideration of
instruments
4Rationale for an Ecological Tax Reform (II)
- ETR provides for steady incentives for further
improvements/innovations by entrepreneurs and
individuals instead of detailed prescriptions
what to do by the government - often with a lack
of monitoring due to high control requirements
with insufficient sanction mechanisms?
potentially missing environmental targets - In D Increase and broadening of energy taxes and
reduction of social security contributions and
increase environmental protection promotion
programmes - Steady increase of several energy taxes in 5
small steps between 1999-2003 - Steady decreases of social security contributions
(here pensions fund)
5History of ETR in Germany I
- 1978 idea was born i.a. by Prof. Binswanger/CH
- 1980ies single env. NGOs (BUND/FoE),
politicians, parties and other stakeholders
became interested (e.g. Prof. Ernst von
Weizsäcker) - 1988 A study by UPI, Heidelberg proofed total
substitution of conventional taxes through
ecotaxes 1. Round of debate triggered by
radical approach) - 1990 Social Democrats and Greens had parts in
their programmes (in favour of environment and
labour), but unification distracted from this
instrument
6History of ETR in Germany II
- 1994 Greenpeace commissioned a comprehensive
ETR-study to DIW, Berlin Double dividend is
possible, FÖS/GBG a lobby group for ETR was
founded. - 1994/5 2. Round of intensive debates took place
amongst all stakeholders and publically in which
basically all parties where in favour of it - 1998 Greens decision to increase fuel price to 5
DEM/liter (2,56 /l) shocked people, but caused
3. Round of debate - 1998 ETR became an important issue in the
election campaign - 1999 ETR was introduced when red-green government
came into power - 2002 Government and ETR were confirmed in
elections
7Targets and Reductions in EU
- EU Target -8 (1990-2008/12)
- EU Target sharing
- Reductions Lux -28 , D and DK -21, A -13,
UK -12,5 , B -7,5 , IT -6,5, NL -6 - Stabilisation F und FIN
- Increase limitations SWE 4, IRL 13, ES
15, GR 25, P 27. - The target sharing shall take into account
differing geographic, climatic, economic and
social points of departure.
8(No Transcript)
9Measures on EU level
- European Climate Change Programme (ECCP)
- 6. Environmental Action Programme (6. EAP)
- EU-wide Emissions Trading
- Energy Taxation
- Ecolabelling for CO2-emissions of cars
- Several other Directives and Measures
10Greenhouse Gas Targets of Germany
- Internationally Binding Reduction of 6 Kyoto
Greenhouse Gases - Target (1990-2008/12) -21
- Achieved (1990-2000) -18,7
- --------------------------------------------------
----------- - National Voluntary Reduction of CO2-Emissions
- Target (1990-2005) - 25
- Achieved (1990-2000) -15,3
- --------------------------------------------------
----------- - ? National Climate Protection Programme
comprising many measures for all sectors to
achieve targets
11Measures in Germany (1998-2000)
- Measures 1998-2000 i.a.
- Ecological Tax Reform,
- Renewable Energy Act (EEG),
- 100.000 Roofs Photovoltaics-Programme (350 MW),
- 190 mio.--Promotion Programme for Renewable
Energy - Result Likely Reduction by 18-20 until
2005/1990 - (Target -25 until 2005/1990)
12National Climate Protection Programme (I)
Scenarios/Targets
- Against the national climate protection target
5-7 ( 50-70 mio. t CO2) will likely be missing
until 2005 - National Climate Protection Programme (10/2000)
thus sets sector-specific targets for 1998-2005 - Private households/buildings -1,8-2,5-points
- Energy/industry -2,0-2,5-points
- Transport 1,5-2,0-points
13National Climate Protection Programme (II) -
Measures
- Extension of combined heat-and-powerTarget
additional CO2reduction by 10 mio. t until 2005,
and by 23 mio. t until 2010 - Energy savings ordinanceTarget Reduction of
energy consumption of new buildings by 30
against the current standard, now based on a
primary energy approach. - Programme for the renovation of building
stockTarget Reduction of CO2-emissions by 5-7
mio. t until 2005.
14Environmentally Damaging Subsidies (EDS)
Definition and Volume in Germany
- Definition is difficult and tricky
- All subsidies (expenditures and tax expenditures)
that contribute to damaging the environment - EDS also comprises the non-internalisation of
external costs as it is a subsidy to the
market-economy - No official volume estimations,studies between
2.1 and 43 billion p.a. (FiFo/FoE) - 19th Government Subsidy Report General
subsidies21.4 bn 8.2 expenditures and 13.2
tax expendituresBut a limited scope E.g.
commuters tax reduction of 3 bn. is not included
15National Climate Protection Programme 2000
- Ecological Tax ReformInternalising external
costs reducing subsidies to the market-economy - National Allocation PlanOverallocation could be
considered as subsidy, however none takes place
in Germany. In fact, real reductions have to be
achieved. - Promotion of rail transportProviding for a level
playing field by catching up investment
unbalancesInvestment of 1 bn. p.a. in rail
infrastructure - Transport-related measuressuch as the heavy
vehicle charge on motorways to be introduced by
2005 (initially in summer 2003). - Update of the National Climate Protection
Programmeforeseen for 2004 (initially by 2003,
postponed due to ETS)
16Features of ETR in Germany (I)- Regular Rates
- Steady increases in 1999-2003
- Electricity tax 1.02 Ct/kWh in 1999 (0.26 Ct/kWh
p.a. between 2000-2003) - Mineral oil taxes on transport fuels 3.07
Ct/litre p.a. between 1999-2003) - Single increase in 1999 and 2003 only
- Tax on natural gas 0.16 Ct/kWh 0.202 Ct/kWh
- Tax on light heating fuel 2,05 Ct/litre
17Features of ETR in Germany (II) Reduced Rates
- To take into account industrys concerns about
competitiveness - To promote environmental measures (overall gt 10
of total revenues for environmental purposes)-
local public transport- track transport-
natural gas in the transport sector- low-/no
sulphur containing fuels- efficient power plants - To ensure revenue neutralityReduction of
employers and employees social security
contribution by overall 1.7-points
181. Competition - General options for consideration
- Eco-efficient industries benefit and make the
economy less dependent on fossil fuels - However, energy-intensive industries are strongly
opposing as they fear a loss of competitiveness - Means of mitigating potentially negative impacts
- Exemption of branches/ companies/energy products
- Process/Product/Site specific tax rate
differentiation - Reduced rates/ limited tax burden/setting a cap
on losses - Border tax adjustment
- Recycling of revenues (labour/capital tax cuts
lump sum rebates) - Gradual implementation
- Investment grants/energy efficiency/renewables
193. Employment
- No exodus of industry, branches or companies so
often feared occurs with an intelligent concept
for ETR. Rather it has a tendency to secure jobs
and create new ones (Double Dividend). - Netherlands and Denmark seem to have achieved
this, Germany appears to be on its way towards
meeting this objective, too. - short term effects relatively low, but
positive. - long term effects could be greater.
- An ETR alone cannot be expected to remedy the
major unemployment problem (in the EU).
202. Equity - General Options for consideration
- Environmental taxes can have both progressive and
regressive impacts. It depends on the kind of tax
and the kind of impacts taken into account - Means to mitigate potentially negative impacts
- Reduction in other taxes and charges
- Reduction of public transport fares
- Conversion programme for households with electric
heating - Increase of childrens allowance
- increase of income tax-free threshold
- Exemption of private households
- Promotion programme to increase energy
efficiency
21ETR in Germany - Experiences (I)
- Coincidence witha) a drastic increase of world
oil prices and strengthening of USDb) a
decrease of electricity prices due to
liberalisation - Use of revenues for non-environmental purposes is
neither really understood nor appreciated - Though business is treated generously, opposition
continues due to pretended non-agreement with
principles. - Equity concerns of population are very dominant
- Protests in autumn 2000 made government stand
firm on the continuation revenue-raising
function turned out to be crucial. - However, a single heating cost grant for
low-income households and a tax level playing
field for all commuters was provided.
22ETR in Germany - Results
- In 2000 transport fuel sales decreased by 2.8,
in 2001 by another 1.0, in 2002 by additional
2.3 and in 2003 by 3.5. All this happened for
the first time in three subsequent years against
an upward trend since 1950! - Demand for car pooling increased by 25 in the
first half year of 2000, in 2001 22, in 2002
8, in 2003 15. - The number of passengers in the public transport
system increased in 1999 for the first time
(0.4), additional 0.8 in 2000, another 0.8 in
2001 and again 0.5 in 2002, in 2003 1.5
against a downward trend for decades before. - Macroeconomic StudyJob increase predicted of up
to 250,000 until 2003, due to reduced labour
costs, but also due to increased investment in
energy savings.CO2-emissions and energy
consumption will be reduced by 2-3 until 2003
23Experiences in D with high oil prices
- Empirical evidence during the oil price shocks in
the 70ies showed high energy prices are a motor
for efficiency, export and partial economic
growth - Average growth of products
- for rational and economical energy use 4,6
p.a. - of the entire manufacturing industry 2,6
p.a. - Average growth of products for exports
- for rational and economical energy use 9,0 p.a.
- In total
3,9 p.a.
24ETR Campaignby the German Environment Ministry
2000-01 (I)
- Posters and advertisements (in Berlin) 4 images
What are the benefits of the ecotax (see
http//www.bmu.de ? Climate Policy/downloads) - Postcards for a competition about the best
ecotax-justification (Winner More candlelight
dinners I will switch off the light for dinner
to save energy) price three-day trip on an
organic farm
25ETR Campaignby the German Environment Ministry
2000-01 (II)
- Flyer The ETR (3rd edition in 2003)
- Advertisement of the flyer
- Cinema/video-spot Save fuel / Climate
Protection it won the Global Media Award in
Gold - since August 2001 in entire D in 640 cinemas from
December 2001 also in Turkish translation on TV
(turkish channel) and available in English - Internet-Supply
- Press Releases, Background information,
Advertisement-images (also as download),
cinemaspot, ETR-calculator, Links, many
presentations at conferences/workshops
26ETR in D in the Context of the long road of ETR
on EU-level
- 1992 CO2-/energy tax from 3 USD up to 10
USD/barrel in 1993-2000, on top of existing
energy taxation, revenue neutral, special rates
for energy-intensive industries, dependant on
similar measures in other OECD-members -
environmental rationale for tax proposal - 1995 CO2-/energy tax proposal made more flexible
in terms of timing and rates. - 1997 extension of existing mineral oil minimum
tax rates (since 1993) to all energy products and
increase in three steps (1998-2002).
Harmonisation of tax levels as rationale - 2001 CO2-/energy tax proposal from 1992/5
officially withdrawn by the EU-Commission - 2003 Intensive negotiations on the 1997-proposal
under the last Presidencies came to a political
agreement on 20th March 2003 it now enters into
force on 1.1.2004 - 2004, 1st May Entry into force of transition
periods for new Member States
27Features of ETR in Europe
- Announced and predictable for 2 years
- Small steps, no sudden changes with a
shock-effect to allow for adaptation - Mostly revenue-neutral by introducing /increasing
energy/CO2-taxes as the major element - Sometimes complemented by other environmental
taxes such as on waste, chemicals and land use - Almost always accompanied by reducing social
security contributions (SSC) or direct taxes.
28European countries at the forefront
- Comprehensive ETR
- Denmark 1992/3/6/2000-2
- Netherlands 1991/96/2001
- Norway 1991/1997/9
- Sweden 1991/3/7/2000/1
- United Kingdom 1993/6/2001/3
- Elements of an ETR
- Finland 1990/7 (introduced the first CO2-tax in
1990 worldwide!) - France 2000/1
- Germany 1999-2003
- Italy 1999-2005
- Switzerland 1997/2004
- Modest approaches to an ETR
- Austria 1996/2004
- Belgium 1993
- Slovenia 1997/1998
29Features of political agreement on EU energy
taxation (I)
- (first) increase of minimum energy tax
rates on mineral oils (in place since 1993), on
diesel a further increase in 2010. - Introduction of minimum energy tax
rates on electricity, natural gas and coal - Depending on the kind of use
(propellant or heating fuel) different energy tax
rates apply. - Other uses (as raw material, for
chemical reduction, for electrolysis, for
electricity generation, waste/use heat) are not
subject to this energy tax directive
30Features of political agreement on EU energy
taxation (II)
- Commercial use and the use for heating
can mostly taxed at lower rates than
non-commercial use and use as propellant.
However, private households may be exempted. - for non-energy intensive companies the
energy tax rate may apply only 50 of the minimum
tax rates - for energy intensive companies the
energy tax rate may apply 0 of the minimum tax
rates - However, at least for both an
energy-related environmental agreement or
emissions trading must apply. - Energy intensity is defined via two
optional indicators- energy sales/production
value must be at least 3- national energy
tax/value added must be at least 0.5
31Features of political agreement on EU energy
taxation (III)
- Diesel tax rate may be differentiated
according to commercial and non-commercial use,
particularly in order to reduce the difference
between mostly higher gasoline tax rates and the
non-commercial use of diesel. National tax rates
applied on 1.1.2003 must not be surpassed - France and Italy have to increase its
tax rates on diesel for commercial use again
(after reductions were provided in 2000) up to
the regular tax level by 2005. - UK as it has the worldwide highest
rates on diesel may reduce these taxes if it
applies a road charge on commercial
vehicles/lorries as long as the overall burden is
not lowered. Such plans exist for 2006. Currently
taxes on diesel and gasoline are equal.
32Features of political agreement on EU energy
taxation (IV)
- Tax rates may be differentiated, if the
quality justifies for that (e.g. environmental
reasons such as the content of sulfur) and the
minimum tax rates are obeyed. - Though there is still an obligation to exempt
fuels for international flights and shipping
(e.g. due to Chicago Convention from 1944), fuel
for flightsa) within Member States (domestic
flights) andb) between two Member States, which
bilateral air service agreement allows for that,
may now be taxed.The bilateral air service
agreements do not yet allow for it, but they are
easy to change if the political will is given. -
33Features of political agreement on EU energy
taxation (V)
- For renewables (heating/transport fuels and
electricity), energy products for pilot projects,
track transport and inland shipping the tax rate
may be reduced down to 0.This is an extension of
current rules as so far a time limitation of this
exemption was foreseen for 2004-2012. - For energy products, used in agriculture,
forestry, horticulture and fishing, tax rates may
be reduced to 0. - Apart from these general provisions many
exemptions and transition periods for single
Member States are granted, so that many tax rates
have to be achieved only by 2007 or even 2012. - By 1.1.2012 at the latest, the Council has to
decide on minimum tax rates from 2013 on, based
on a report and proposal from the EU-Commission. - The directive will enter into force by
1.1.2004.
34Features of political agreement on EU energy tax
(VI)Diesel tax rates of EU-Member States and
Accession Countries
35 36Features of political agreement on EU energy tax
(VI)
- Werte gerundet in /1.000 l, Steuersätze Stand
Juli 2003, Quelle KOM
- Neuer Mind.-satz ab 2010 330
- Neue Mitgliedstaaten 2004
- Neuer Mind.-satz ab 2003 302
- Neuer Mind.-satz seit 1993 245
37Features of political agreement on EU energy tax
38Features of political agreement on EU energy
taxation (VII)
- Overall, the political agreement on the directive
can be considered as an important political,
partly symbolic, partly substantial success. - Since 1992 the EU-Commission has proposed three
draft directives (1992/1995/1997) of which only
the latter after years of debate (and watering
down) due to unanimity the voting requirement has
been adopted. - The forthcoming accession of further Member
States has increased the pressure to come to an
agreement. But referring to environmental
targets, the directive is very modest and will
only have minor environmental, though positive
impacts. - . Given the requirement for unanimity voting it
is an important step towards a more harmonised
energy taxation.
39Features of political agreement on EU energy
taxation (VIII)
- The biggest advantage is the establishment of the
principle of energy taxation in the EU and the
requirement for accession countries, but also for
some current Member States to introduce/increase
energy tax rates. - Moreover, aviation may now be taxed within
certain restrictions an important step towards
more justice and the polluter pays principle. The
possible combination with emissions trading and
other instruments is also to be seen positive. - Overall, the agreement and its content points at
the deficits and lacks of the current requirement
for unanimity voting in fiscal policies.
40Barriers to the adoption of EU-proposals
- Unanimity voting required of all 15 EU-Member
States - Until recently Spain, and now still other
cohesion countries (Ireland, Portugal, Greece),
but also UK (LUX) oppose - Impacts on competitiveness, economic growth,
equity, inflation, environment and loss of fiscal
sovereignty are mentioned as major reasons - Attempt to change unanimity voting into qualified
majority voting (3/4) at Nice Summit in December
2000 failed. Still this or the adoption of the
proposal is crucial before the accession of about
12 candidates countries as it would then become
part of the acquis communitaire which the
accession countries would have to comply with - ? Several MS went ahead due to no progress on
EU-level
41Requirements for the Design of ETR1. Strong and
societally attractive and fiscally motivated
alliance (e.g. job creation)2. Small,
predictable steps for several years which are
fixed in the law from the very beginning.A
single increase every few years and the abolition
of environmentally harmful subsidies becomes more
attractive after the autumn 2000-experiences.3
. Revenue neutrality - including tax expenditures
for the environment tends to be less urgent as
the double dividend approach is not always
understood4. First environmental impacts should
already be reached in a short term (due to public
expectations)5. Take equity and competitiveness
concerns into account
42Requirement for the Promotion of an ETR
- ETR should be part of a fiscal policy package and
communicated as an important element, not as a
stand-alone tax measure. - Tax expenditures for the environment should be
communicated as environmental promotion
programmes and as a way of revenue spending - Environmental impacts should be examined and
communicated broadly as a major success. - Winners should be identified and asked to support
ETR publically and demonstrate the benefits it
brings in terms of innovation, job creation - Use those elements to form an acceptance
buildings/information/image campaign on ETR
43Conclusions
- Positive environmental impacts, economic benefits
and innovations could be achieved, most clearly
due to the ETR. - Implementation of further targeted
environmentally harmful subsidy reductions turns
out to be very difficult given strong lobbyism
and political constellations - Hard coal subsidies in Germany are a specific
case - Potential natural alliances between Finance and
Environment Ministries for reducing
environmentally damaging subsidies are not yet
always realised. - Budget constraints and the Euro-Maastricht
criteria help to focus on reducing subsidies
44Perspectives for ETR
- More countries in Europe will follow now that
the Kyoto Protocol is being ratified by the EU
(and others) since it is apart from emissions
trading a very effective and cost-efficient
tool to combat climate change - This will tend to increase chances for
harmonisation and further tax increases - Increased taxation of industry, e.g. linked to
energy audits or emission trading schemes,
particularly for energy-intensive industries.
UKs climate change levy and DKs long
experiences offer room for manoeuvre. - Increased use of revenues for the promotion of
environmental measures - Better embodiment of ETR in a policy package to
overcome non-fiscal/-price barriers and generally
broadening the scope to an Ecological Fiscal
Reform.
45General Perspectives for EnvironmentalFiscal
Reform
- In addition to energy as a major environmental
tax base, land use, waste and fertilisers and
pesticides, raw materials, appear to be the next
favourite bases - Emissions based annual road tax, favouring also
low-consuming cars - Proposal for modification of the land tax
according to the land use. - Shifting focus to environmentally damaging
subsidies and other environmentally distorting
tax provisions - More sustainable support for buildings and
commuting - OECD/Germany conference on 27 June 2002 in Berlin
on EFR http//www1.oecd.org/env/fiscalreformconf
erence/ and - http//www.bmu.de ? Reden
46Environmental Fiscal Reform in the coalition
agreement 2002 in general
- Green Budget Reform (GBR) and Environmental
Fiscal Reform (EFR) are used synonymously. - EFR/GBR comprises
- 1. structural adaptations of existing taxes (e.g.
ETR-reductions) - 2. reduction of environmentally damaging and
macro-economically questionable subsidies,
including tax expenditures - 3. increased spending for environmental purposes
47Environmental Fiscal Reform in the coalition
agreement 2002 in detail
- Support for building new houses will be reduced
to the level of that for buying existing houses
and concentrated on families. A supplement shall
be further available for environmentally advanced
measures. - The annual car tax will be based on CO2-emissions
- On EU-scale D will push for a kerosene tax for
aviation. - VAT-exemption for flights into EU-MS will be
abolished. - Restructuring of the German hard coal mining
sector will be continued. Subsidisation of the
German hard coal sector will be ensured for the
period 2006-2010. The contribution from the
federal budget which is at 3.05 billion
nowadays and which will be reduced to 2.17
billion by 2005 will be developed further in
a degressive manner. - 2005 VAT-rate on public passenger transport for
long-distances will be reduced from 16 per cent
to 7 per cent. - More revenues will be spent on renovating
buildings and promoting renewables. - Adjustment/Phasing out of some ETR reductions
48ETR-adjustments in Germany from 2003 on
- Reduction of environmentally damaging tax
reductions for - - industry (now a positive marginal tax rate)
- - night storage heatings (phase out by 2007)
- Adaptation of the gas tax to the level of the
light heating oil based on CO2/energy content - Increased use of revenues for building stocks
renovation and shift away from night storage
heatings prolonged tax reduction for natural gas
used in the transport sector until 2020 for
ensuring investment certainty.
49General Guidelines for Fiscal Reform Decision by
Government 2003 and 2004
- New subsidies should only be
- - provided as expenditures, but no longer as tax
expenditures. - - provided for a certain, fixed time period
- Existing subsidies should be phased out.
- They have to be justified every year during the
budget consultations - However, no particular mention of environmentally
damaging subsidies any more. - A bi-yearly subsidy report offers monitoring,
though no explicit mention or evaluation of
environmentally harmful subsidies
50Political process of reducing EDS
- 1.2. (structural adaptations of existing taxes
and EDS)? 2002/3 Tax expenditure reduction law
(including ETR), but it was blocked by opposition
in the Upper House - In a mediation Committee it was agreed
according to the Koch-/Steinbrück-Paper to
lower all subsidies by the same percentage (4
p.a. in 3 years or 12 in one year). - But it did not comprise all subsidies,
particularly critical ones like ETR-reductions,
hard coal subsidies and road infrastructure
expenditures were not included, while rail
infrastructrue expenditures and programmes for
renewables were included - For the year 2004 a review is foreseen in order
to assess if and how energy taxation will be
further developed according to environmental
aspects, given the environmental impacts, the oil
price, the macro-economic development, the
competitiveness of German industry and the social
impacts.
51Implementation progress of EFR-measures in the
coalition agreement
- Measures agreed Extent of implementation
- Support for building new existing houses only
slightly ? - Annual car tax on CO2-emissions no longer a
priority ? - EU-kerosene tax for aviation at least option
available o - Abolish VAT-exemption for flights into
EU-MS blocked, waiting for EU ? - Reducing German hard coal subsidies high level
until 2012 ? - More revenues for buildings and renewables slight
progress o - Adjustment/Phasing out of some ETR
reductions implemented since 2003 ? - Reduction of VAT-rate on rail transport to be
decided for 2005 o ? - 4 x ? 3 x o 1 x ?
- Summary mixed picture and several measures left
for taking action
52Perspectives for ETR
- Very difficult to implement further ETR-steps
on transport fuels given the high level of
taxation and nine neigbhouring countries. - More likely to increase taxes on heating fuels
and/or electricity since tankering hardly takes
place. - Implementation of the EU energy taxation
directive (particularly introduction of coal tax
for heating purposes, abolishing the gas tax for
electricity generationpossibly tax supplement
on sulphur-rich light heating fuel,introduction
of a national kerosene tax) - Increased taxation of industry, e.g. linked to
energy audits or emission trading schemes,
particularly for energy-intensive industries.
UKs climate change levy on business only and
DKs long experiences, but also signals for moves
of Hungary offer room for manoeuvre. - Increased use of additional revenues for the
promotion of environmental measures - Better embodiment of EFR in a policy package to
overcome non-fiscal/-price barriers
53Contact
- kai.schlegelmilch_at_bmu.bund.de
- Tel. 49-1888-305-3664
- Fax 49-1888-305-2349
- http//www.bmu.de
- http//www.bmu.de/oekologische-finanzreform
(information in D, E, FR, ESP) - THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION!