Chapter 11- The Muslim World by: Kristina Giambrone Pd. A

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Chapter 11- The Muslim Worldby Kristina
Giambrone Pd. A

• Sec1- Rise of Islam
• Sec2- Islam Spreads
• Sec3- Golden age of Muslim civilization
• Sec4- Muslims in India
• Sec5- The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

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Section 1 Rise of Islam

• I- The prophet Muhammad
• A Geographic setting
• - Islam emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in an
  Oasis a fertile area in a desert
• - Many Arabs were nomad herders, called
  Bedouins.
• - Mecca was a bustling market town at the
  crossroads of two main caravan routes. It was
  also a thriving pilgrimage center.
• B Muhammad's Vision
• - Muhammad was born in Mecca, who was a
  successful merchant in his youth
• - When he was 40 he went to a cave to meditate,
  and heard a voice saying Recite!, this was the
  voice of the angel Gabriel
• - He then started to spread Islam in the word of
  Allah

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• -As Muhammad spread his teachings he was
  threatened with murder and took a journey to
  Yethrib known as hiijra Muhammad's flight from
  Mecca to Medina.
• - Muhammad died in 632, but the faith of Islam
  became one of the worlds major religions.
• II- Teachings of Islam
• - Islam is Monotheistic belief in one god, and
  the Quaran is the sacred text of Islam, which
  says
• - God is all-powerful and compassionate
• - people are responsible for their own actions
• - there is no official priest

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• - All Muslims accept five basic duties, known
  as the five pillars
• - The first is a declaration of faith There
  is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of
  God
• - Daily prayer, people may pray wherever but
  they often gather in houses of worship or masjids
  or Mosques
• - Give charity to the poor
• - Fasting from sunrise to sunset during the
  holy month of Ramadan.
• - The last pillar is the hajj, or the
  pilgrimage to Mecca. All Muslims who are able to
  visit the Kaaba at least once in their life.
• - Jihad Effort in Gods service
• Mosque----?

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• III- A way of life
• A Sharia
• - Islamic system of law is called a Sharia,
  which regulates moral conduct, family law,
  business practices, government, and other aspects
  of a Muslim community.
• - The Sharia helped unite many people that
  switched to Islam.
• B Impact of Muslim on women
• - Most women in Arab society varied in position.
  They could not inherit property, and things like
  that.
• - Islam affirmed the equality of women and men.
  They won greater protection under the law

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Section 2 Islam Spreads

• I- An age of conquest
• - Caliph Successor of Muhammad, Abu Bakr was a
  caliph
• - Under the first 4 caliphs Arab armies marched
  from victory to victory conquering great chunks
  of the Byzantine empire.
• - The reason for these astonishing victories is
  due in part to two reasons 1- the weakness of
  the Byzantine and Persian empires 2- the common
  faith Muhammad gave is people.
• A- Treatment of Conquered people
• - Muslim leaders imposed a special tax on
  non-Muslims, but allowed Christians, Jews, and
  Zoroastrians to practice their own faiths and
  follow their own laws.
• - Islam had no hierarchy or class of priests.
• II- Movements within Islam
• - The split between Sunni and Shiite Muslims had
  a profound impact of Islamic history.
• - The Sunni felt that the caliph should be
  chosen by the leaders of the Muslim Community.

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• - The Shiites on the other hand, argued that
  the only true successor to the prophet were
  descendants of Muhammad's daughter and son- in
  law Fatima and Ali.
• - A third tradition in Islam emerged with the
  Sufis, Muslim mystic who sought communion with
  God through meditation, fasting, and other
  rituals.
• III- Empire of the Caliphs
• - The Umayyad family set up a dynasty that
  ruled the Islamic world until 750, in their
  capital of Damascus in Syria.
• - Shiites hated the Umayyad family, and under
  the Umayyad the Arabs had fewer rights.
• - A leader Abu al- Abbas, who invited the
  Umayyad family to a banquet- and killed them all.
  He then found the Abbasid dynasty.
• A- Splendors of Baghdad
• - The Abbasid dynasty chose their capital in
  Baghdad, a small market town in present day Iraq.
• - In Baghdad many gardens, dotted with
  fountains, gleamed in the sunlight.
• - Minarets slender towers of Mosques.
• - Muezzin Mosque official that went to the top
  of the minaret and called people for prayer.

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• IV- Decline of the Caliphate
• - As the Caliph power faded, civil wars
  erupted, and Shiite rulers took over parts of the
  empire.
• A- Seljuk
• - In the 1900s the Seljuk Turks migrated into
  the middle east from Central Asia adopted Islam
  and built a large empire across the fertile
  crescent/
• - Sultan Authority
• B- Mongols
• - Genghis Khan led the Mongols out of Central
  Asia across Persia and Mesopotamia, and killed
  and burned Baghdad and the last caliph leader.
• - Tamerlane or Timur the lame was another
  Mongol leader that led his armies in to the
  middle east.
• Minaret?

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Section 3- Golden age of Muslim Civilization

• I- Society and the economy
• A- Social classes
• - People enjoyed a certain degree of social
  mobility the ability to move up in social class.
• - They would improve their social rank through
  religious, scholarly, or military achievements.
• - In the Muslin world slavery was a common
  institution, the slaves were brought from
  conquered lands in Spain, Greece, Africa and etc,
  but Muslims could not be enslaved.
• - Most slaves worked ad household servants.
• B- An international trade network
• - Merchants were honored in the Muslim because
  Muhammad was a Merchant.
• - Muslim cities were typically organized by
  guilds, in which guilds were chosen by there
  members.
• - The Muslim world was divided into 2 kinds of
  land The desert and the sown

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• II- Arts and Literature
• - Muslim art and literature reflected the
  diverse traditions of the people under Muslim
  rule
• A- Design and decoration
• - Arabesque An intricate design composed of
  curved lines that suggest floral shapes, appeared
  in rugs, textiles and glassware.
• -Calligraphy The art of beautiful handwriting
• -Dome of the rock A great shrine capped with a
  magnificent dome.
• - Omar Khayyam was famous In the Muslim world
  as a scholar and astronomer
• III- The world of Learning
• - A philosopher Ibn Rushd also known as
  Avveroes, put all knowledge except the Quran to
  the test of reason.
• - Greatest Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi,
  pioneered the study of algebra.
• A- Medicine
• - Ibn sina, known as Avicenna was a Persian
  physician who wrote the Canon on Medicine A huge
  encyclopedia of what Greeks, the Arabs about the
  diagnosis and treatments of diseases.

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Section 4 Muslims In India

• I- The Delhi Sultanate
• - Sultanate Land ruled by a sultan
• - Castes Social groups from which they could
  not change
• II- Muslims and Hindus
• A- Muslim-Hindu difference
• - Hinduism was an ancient religion that had
  evolved over thousands of years, and they had
  many sacred texts and prayed before status
  representing many Gods and goddesses.
• - Islam, by contrast, was a newer faith with a
  single sacred text.
• - Muslims were devout Monotheists who saw the
  statues and carvings in Hindu temples as an
  offense to one true God.
• - Hindus accepts differences in caste status
  and honored Brahmans as a priestly caste.
• -Muslims taught the equality of all believers
  before God and had no religious Hierarchy

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• B- Interactions
• - Rajahs Or local Hindu rulers
• - People who converted to Islam did so because
  it benefited their lifestyle. For example,
  Indian Merchants liked Islam because of the
  strong trade network across Muslim lands.
• III- Mughal India
• - Babur Claimed descent from Genghis Khan and
  Tamerlane, who was a military genius, and a poet.
• - Babur swept away the remnants of the Delhi
  Sultanate and set up the Mughal Dynasty.
• A- Akbar the Great
• - Akbar Baburs grandson, who created a strong
  central government earning the title, Akbar the
  Great.
• - He ended the tax on non-Muslims and married
  himself a Hindu Princess.
• - Taj Mahal Tomb that Akbar made for his wife
  when she died.

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Section 5 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

• I- Expanding the Ottoman Empire
• - The Ottomans were another Turkish- speaking
  nomadic people who migrated from central Asia.
• - Suleiman Ottoman Sultan who was known to
  the people as Lawgiver. He extended the empire
  in many new directions.
• II- Ottoman Culture
• - Suleiman had absolute power, but he ruled
  with the help of a council.
• - Ottoman law was based on the Sharia,
  supplemented by royal edicts. Government
  officials worked closely with religious scholars
  who interpreted the law.
• A- Social Organization
• - The Ottomans divided their subjects into four
  classes, each with a appointed role.
• - At the top were men of the pen such as
  scientists lawyers and judges.

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• - Below that are the Men and sword soldiers
  who guarded the Sultan and defended the state.
• - Below them were Men of negotiation, such
  as merchants, tax collectors, and artisans.
• - The last class are men of husbandry,
  farmers and herders who produced food for the
  community.
• - Millets Religious communities
• B- Janizaries
• - Ottoman empire levied a tax on christian
  families, requiring them to turn over young sons
  to the government. They were converted to Islam
  and began to train.
• - Janizaries The elite force of the Ottoman
  empire.
• - Like the boys, non-Muslim girls were brought
  to serve as slaves.
• - By the 1700s the Ottoman empire declined.
• III- The Safavid Empire
• - The Safavid Empire is engaged in constant
  warfare, religion played a major role In the
  conflict.
• - The Safavids were Shiite Muslims who
  enforced their beliefs throughout their empire,
  and the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims who despised
  the Shiites as heretics.

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• A- Abbas the Great
• - Shah King( Abbas the great was the shah)
• - To strengthen the economy, Abbas reduced
  taxes on farmers and herders and encouraged the
  growth of industry.
• - Isfahan Magnificent new capital that was the
  center of international trade.
• B- Decline
• -Safavid glory slowly faded after the death of
  Abbas.
• - One cause of the decline was continuing
  pressure from Ottoman armies.
• - A new dynasty, the Qajars, won control of
  Iran and made Tehran there new capital.

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Test your Knowledge

• 1.) Which activity occurred during the Golden age
  of Muslim culture?
• A- Destruction of books containing Greek and
  Roman ideas
• B- Beginning of pilgrimages to Mecca
• C- Opposition to freedom of thought and foreign
  ideas by rulers
• D- Major discoveries in mathematics and science
• 2.) The contributions of the golden age of
  Islamic civilization include
• A- Advances in mathematics
• B- Irrigation systems
• C- Polytheistic beliefs
• D- Gunpowder and guns
• 3.) A major feature of the Golden Age of Moslem
  culture was the
• A- Political and economic isolation of the Arab
  world
• B- Development of the foundations of modern
  science and mathematics
• C- Adoption of democratic government
• D- Persecution of Jews and Christians

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• 4.) Which factor helps explain the scientific and
  literary achievements of the Muslims during their
  Golden Age (A.D. 800-1300)?
• A- Expansion of trans-Atlantic trade
• B- Innovations introduced by the Europeans
  during the Renaissance C- Cultural diversity
  accepted by many Islamic governments
• D-legal equality of all people in the Islamic
  empire
• 5.) Mansa Musas journey to Mecca in the 1300s
  is evidence that
• A- The Crusades had a great influence on
  western Africa
• B- Most African leaders were educated in the
  Middle East C- European culture was superior to
  the cultures of western Africa
• D- Islam had a major influence on the Mali
  Empire

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Check your answers

• 1.) D- Major discoveries in mathematics and
  science
• 2.) A- Advances in mathematics
• 3.) B- Development of the foundations of modern
  science and mathematics
• 4.) C- Cultural diversity accepted by many
  Islamic governments
• 5.) D- Islam had a major influence on the Mali
  Empire
• Bibliography
• - www.regentsprep.org