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Definition of Separatist State

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Title: Definition of Separatist State


1
Definition of Separatist State
  • Political separatism is a movement to obtain
    sovereignty and split a territory or group of
    people (usually a people with a distinctive
    national consciousness) from one another (or one
    nation from another a colony from the
    metropolis). The term is often not accepted by
    actual separatist groups themselves as they
    consider it pejorative, and prefer more neutral
    terms such as self-determination

2
Peaceful v Violent Separatist movements are
often strictly political and peaceful.
  • There has been a variable, generally peaceful
    separatist movement in the province of Quebec,
    Canada for the last thirty years (with a brief
    period of violence culminating in the October
    Crisis),
  • And peaceful movements ending in the break-up of
    Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union.
  • Singapore also peacefully seceded from the
    Malaysian Federation.

3
Violent Movements
  • Separatism is also often a violent response to a
    past military takeover. Around the world many
    terrorist groups espouse separatism as the only
    way to achieve their goal of national liberation.
    These include the Basque ETA in France and Spain,
    Sikh separatists in India during the 1980s, the
    IRA in Ireland at the turn of the century and the
    Front de Libération du Québec in the 1960s,
    culminating in the October Crisis in 1970. These
    guerrilla campaigns can also lead to full-blown
    civil wars as has been seen in Chechnya.

4
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5
YugoslaviaNow 5 Countries
  • Violence is usually reduced when there exist
    political means that can be used to gain more
    political and economic autonomy within the
    current constitutional order.
  • Free elections and referenda often help reduce
    tensions. Very few countries are willing to
    acknowledge that they are divisible, however.
  • The wars erupting with the break-up of Yugoslavia
    are a principal example of that, despite
    constitutional provisions allowing division and
    referenda.

6
Why Separate?
  • Separatist movements are often superficially
    based upon nationalism or religious fervour.
  • More often than not, however, feelings of
    inadequate political clout and economics play an
    important role.
  • Economics can also be seen in the break-up of
    Czechoslovakia one of the main causes was
    Slovakia's reluctance to abandon state-run
    industries, which were the core of its economy.
  • The Czech Republic was far more prepared to
    embrace the free market, and thus the countries
    parted.

7
Ethnicity
  • Quebec is also an example of how political
    marginalization can lead to separatist ambitions.
    Throughout the first century of Canadian
    Confederation, Quebec was politically and
    economically dominated by a small minority of
    Anglophone Montrealers.
  • Rejection of this status quo led to the growth of
    Quebec-first separatist groups in the 1960s and
    '70s.

8
Suppression/Corruption
  • Spain's Basque areas, which have not been
    independent for millennia, developed violent
    separatist groups in reaction to the violent
    suppression of Francisco Franco's regime.
  • A similar pattern was followed in Ethiopia where
    Eritrean rebels were far more angry at despotism
    and corruption than passionate about the nation
    of Eritrea which does not have a long or
    distinctive history

9
Cultural
  • The northern Italian nations were independent for
    centuries (for example Veneto was independent
    from the 10th to 19th centuries, Liguria was
    independent for 7 centuries).
  • The northern Italian separatism is not only
    economic, but also linguistic (gallo-romance
    languages group) and cultural.

10
Recent Separatist Movements
  • Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and
    Slovakia
  • Ethiopia separation of Eritrea
  • Indonesia separation of East Timor
  • Yugoslavia into Bosnia and Herzegovina,
    Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, and Federal
    Republic of Yugoslavia (now Serbia and
    Montenegro)
  • Soviet Union into Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
    Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
    Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan,
    Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan

11
  • Abkhazia western end of Georgia
  • Chechnya Russian province
  • Nagorno-Karabakh btwn Azerb. Armenia
  • Puntland-northeastern Somalia
  • Somaliland northwestern Somalia
  • South Ossetia part of Georgia
  • Transnistria part of Moldovia
  • Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus UN does not
    recognize it, only Turkey does
  • State of Palestine

12
Countries with Separatist Movements
  • Find your country????

13
Is Your Country Here???
  • Angola Cabinda
  • Belgium Both Flemish and Walloon separatists
    exist, but the Flemish are more prominent (See
    Flemish movement)
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbs, Croats and
    Bosniaks
  • Burma Karens (Karen National Union, east Burma)
    and Kachin.
  • Canada Province of Quebec (FLQ, Parti
    Québécois, Bloc Québécois), Western Canada
    (Separation Party of Alberta, Western
    Independence Party)
  • China Taiwan, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang
    (East Turkestan Islamic Movement)
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo - Katanga area
  • France Corsica, Brittany, and Savoy
  • Germany Bavaria, Alemannic Separatism
  • India Kashmir, Sikhs, Bodoland, Assam (or
    "Asom") and Nagaland

14
Here?
  • India Kashmir, Sikhs, Bodoland, Assam (or
    "Asom") and Nagaland
  • Indonesia Aceh, Riau, West Papua, Moluccas
  • Iraq Kurds and Shiites
  • Iran Kurds, Arabs and Azeris
  • Israel Palestinians
  • Italy Padania, (Lega Nord), South Tyrol, Sicily
  • Nigeria
  • Morocco Polisario front in Western Sahara

15
Or Here?
  • Pakistan Kashmir
  • Philippines Muslim separatists in south (Moro)
  • Russia Chechnya
  • Serbia and Montenegro Kosovo (Kosovo Liberation
    Army) and Montenegro
  • Senegal Casamance
  • Somalia Somaliland
  • South Africa Zulu areas
  • Spain Basque (ETA) region, Catalonia, and
    Galicia

16
Maybe Here?
  • Sri Lanka Tamils (Tamil Tigers)
  • Sudan Tribal animist and Christian south
  • St. Kitts and Nevis Nevis
  • Sweden Terra Scania
  • Syria Kurds
  • Turkey Kurds
  • United Kingdom Northern Ireland (IRA, Sinn
    Féin, Social Democratic and Labour Party),
    Scotland (Scottish National Party), Wales, and
    Cornwall
  • United States- Alaska-Hawaii-Puerto Rico
  • See also List of active autonomist and
    secessionist move

17
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18
Other Uses of the Term Separatism
  • Ethnic separatism is also used to refer to groups
    that attempt to separate themselves culturally
    and economically or racially though not always
    seeking political autonomy. Examples of this
    include
  • religious groups whose members believe they
    should not interact with anyone except
    co-religionists

19
  • groups, for example groups supporting white
    separatism or black separatism. See identity
    politics and racial separatism.
  • lesbian-feminist separatism refers to the use of
    sexual orientation as a political statement.
  • those who advocate a strict separation of church
    and state often term themselves "separationists"
    (with "accommodationists" being the converse).

20
The U. S.?????
21
THE END
  • http//www.wordiq.com/definition/October_Crisis
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