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A Brief History of the Internet

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Title: A Brief History of the Internet


1
A Brief History of the Internet
2
Internet The early years
  • The Proliferation of LANs
  • Engineers have devised many LAN technologies
  • LAN performance determines cost high performance
    LANs are more expensive
  • A particular LAN technology may only work with
    specific computers

3
Internet The early years
  • The Proliferation of LANs

Star topology
4
Internet The early years
  • The Proliferation of LANs

Ring topology
5
Internet The early years
  • The Proliferation of LANs

Bus topology
6
Internet The early years
  • The Proliferation of LANs

Ethernet sharing
7
Internet The early years
  • The Proliferation of LANs
  • A LAN technology is chosen for its speed, ease of
    use, and the availability of interfaces for
    specific computers. Most large organization use
    many LAN technologies

8
Internet The early years
  • LANs are incompatible
  • Various LAN technologies are completely
    incompatible.

Accounting Dept.
Shipping Dept.
9
Internet The early years
  • LANs are incompatible
  • Various LAN technologies are completely
    incompatible.

Simply connecting the cables cannot make them
work together
Accounting Dept.
Shipping Dept.
10
Internet The early years
  • Wide Area Technologies Exist

A wide area network technology (WAN) differs from
a set of disjoint transmission lines because the
WAN includes an additional special purpose
computer at each side that connects to the
transmission lines and keeps communication
independent of the computers that use the WAN
11
Internet The early years
  • Wide Area Technologies Exist

12
Internet The early years
  • Few WANs, Many LANs
  • WANs and LANs are Incompatible
  • Many LAN and WAN technologies exist, and most are
    incompatible with each other. One cannot produce
    a usable, large network merely by interconnecting
    the wires from two different networks.

13
Internet The early years
  • The Desirability of A Single Network

14
Internet The early years
  • The Internet Emerges
  • ARPANET
  • Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) funded
    research projects to research new approaches to
    connecting LANs and WANs.
  • A prototype system that researchers built became
    known as an internetwork Internet.

15
Internet The early years
  • The Internet Emerges

Diagrams of two nodes on the ARPANET IMP -
Interface Message Processors
16
Internet The early years
  • The Internet Emerges

17
Internet The early years
  • The Internet Emerges

18
Internet The early years
  • Internet Software
  • Computer software forms an important part of the
    technology that makes it possible to interconnect
    networks

19
Internet The early years
  • The Name is TCP/IP
  • Two pieces of Internet software stand out as
    particularly important and innovative
  • Internet Protocol software provide basic
    communication
  • Transmission Control Protocol Provide reliable
    communication

20
Internet The early years
  • An Open System
  • The Internet project aspired to produce an open
    system that permitted computers from all vendors
    to communicate.

21
Internet The early years
  • Summary
  • The Internet began as a research project funded
    by ARPA. Researchers studied ways to connect
    computers that used various kinds of networks.
    The name Internet refers to both the project and
    the prototype network system that researchers
    built.
  • TCP/IP is the software necessary to make the
    Internet works. The software hides the detail of
    the underlying hardware and provides the illusion
    of a seamless system.
  • The Internet is an open system.

22
Internet Incredible Growth
  • 1981 The Internet connects about 100 computers
    at research sites and universities
  • 20 years later 60,000,000
  • Year computers Year computers
  • 1983 562 1991 500,000
  • 1984 1,024 1992 727,000
  • 1985 1,961 1993 1,200,000
  • 1986 2,308 1994 2,217,000
  • 1987 5,089 1995 4,852,000
  • 1988 28,174 1996 9,472,000
  • 1989 80,000
  • 1990 290,000

23
Internet Incredible Growth
24
Internet Incredible Growth
By 1999 a computer was added to the Internet
every second.
25
Internet Incredible Growth
By 2006 more than 10 computers were added to the
Internet every second.
26
Internet Incredible Growth
  • Factors contribute to its growth
  • Advances in computer science research the
    introduction of UNIX operating system
  • UNIX meets TCP/IP enables connection of LANs to
    the Internet
  • US Military Chose the Internet The military
    funded and adopted the Internet, technologies
    were developed at civilian sites

27
Internet Incredible Growth
  • Factors contribute to its growth
  • National Science Foundation (NSF) Takes a Leading
    Role connect universities to the Internet
  • NSF decided that to keep the US competitive, it
    needed to extend network access to every science
    and engineering researcher.
  • The NSFNET

28
Internet Incredible Growth
  • Factors contribute to its growth
  • The NSFNET Backbone

29
Internet Incredible Growth
  • Factors contribute to its growth
  • The ANS Backbone IBM, MERIT, and MCI formed a
    nonprofit company, Advanced Networks and Services
    (ANS)
  • ANS owned the transmission lines and computers
    that comprised the network ARPANET and NSFNET
    were funded by government
  • First step toward commercialization and
    privatization of the Internet

30
The Global Internet
  • Internet starts from the USA expanded to the
    globe
  • Electronic mail connection use existing voice
    telephone network require a modem and a piece
    of communication software

31
The Global Internet
  • Internet starts from the USA expanded to the
    globe
  • In the UK JANET

32
The Global Internet
  • Internet starts from the USA expanded to the
    globe
  • In Europe Ebone

33
The Global Internet
  • Internet starts from the USA expanded to the
    globe
  • In Hong Kong HARNET

34
The Global Internet
1998, every populated country in the world is
connected
35
Internet A Global Information Infrastructure
  • Infrastructure basic foundations on which
    society depends on electricity power stations
    and supply facilities, railways, roads
  • New infrastructure makes new industries possible

36
Internet A Global Information Infrastructure
  • Communication Infrastructure
  • Postal mail services adopted the nation of
    universal access and delivery and individual and
    send a letter to any other individual.
  • The telegraph changed the basic communication
    infrastructure because it introduced high speed
    delivery
  • Telephone changed the communication
    infrastructure by extending communication
    services to individual homes and offices, and by
    providing the instantaneous communication needed
    for interactive conversation

37
Internet A Global Information Infrastructure
  • The Internet Infrastructure
  • The basic Internet communication facilities are
    both general and efficient, almost any network
    applications can use the Internet
  • The Internet offers a wide variety of services.
    Most of the services currently available had not
    been invented when the Internet was first
    designed.
  • The Internet is a global infrastructure. Although
    it offers many services, the Internets chief
    advantage lies in the design of TCP/IP software
    that has accommodated changes in computers,
    networks, and services

38
Summary
  • Many different LAN technologies that are
    completely incompatible.
  • WANs exist
  • Few WANs, Many LANs
  • WAN and LAN are incompatible
  • Desirable to have a single seamless network

39
Summary
  • ARPANET
  • ICP/IP
  • Open Systems
  • Computer science research, UNIX, NSFNET, TCP/IP
    contributed to the rapid growth of the Internet.
  • Internet is a global information infrastructure.

40
Sharing transmission path
Communication Path
41
Sharing transmission path
Sharing saves cost
Communication Path
42
Sharing transmission path
Sharing introduces delay
Communication Path
43
Sharing transmission path
Sharing introduces delay
Communication Path
44
Sharing using Selectable Channels
Carrier 1
Communication Path
Carrier 2
45
Sharing using Selectable Channels
Each channel is assigned a unique carrier which
encodes the information of that communication
channel
Carrier 1
Communication Path
Carrier 2
46
Sharing by Taking Turns
C
A
Divide data to be transmitted into small trunks,
call a packet and transmit one packet at a time
D
B
Data to be transmitted
47
Sharing by Taking Turns
C
1st packet from B to D
A
AC
BD
AC
BC
D
B
1st packet from A to C
2nd packet from A to C
1st packet from B to C
48
Sharing by Taking Turns
Packet Switching
C
1st packet from B to D
A
AC
BD
AC
BC
D
B
1st packet from A to C
2nd packet from A to C
1st packet from B to C
49
Packet Switching Avoids Delay
50
Packet Switching Avoids Delay
A customer ordered a single item
Another ordered 50 items
51
Each packet must be labeled
C
1st packet from B to D
A
AC
BD
AC
BC
D
B
1st packet from A to C
2nd packet from A to C
1st packet from B to C
52
Computers Have Addresses
C
A
10.0.0.1
AC
BD
AC
BC
D
Each computer attached to the network is assigned
a unique number called address
B
53
Computers Have Addresses
C
A
10.0.0.1
AC
BD
AC
BC
D
Each packet contains the address of the computer
that send it and the address of the computer to
which it is sent
B
54
Packets are Not All the Same Size
C
A
10.0.0.1
AC
BD
BC
D
B
Packets can have different sizes
55
Packets Transmission Seems Instantaneous
C
A
AC
BD
BC
D
A packet switching system permits multiple
computers to communicate across a shared network
with minimal delay because it divides each
conversation into small packets and arranges for
the computer that sharing a network takes turns
sending packets
B
56
Sharing is Automatic
C
A
AC
BD
BC
D
B
From a computers point of view, obtaining fair
access to a shared network is automatic the
network hardware handles the details.
57
Many Devices Can Use Packet Switching
C
A
AC
BD
BC
D
B
Many type of devices can connect directly to a
computer network, each such device must contain a
small computer that handles communication
58
Relevance to the Internet
All data is transferred across the Internet in
packets
59
Relevance to the Internet
A sender divides a message or document into
packets and transfer the packets across the
Internet
60
Relevance to the Internet
A receiver re-assembles the original message from
the packets that arrive.
61
Relevance to the Internet
Packets from many machines traverse the Internet
at the same time.
62
Summary
  • Packet switching a fundamental technique used
    to ensure faire access to shared network
    resources.
  • Before data can be transferred across a network,
    it must be divided into small trunks packets
  • Each computer connected to a network has a unique
    address
  • Each packet contains a header records the
    sending and receiving computers addresses
  • Each computer takes turns to send its packet. One
    each turn, a computer sends one packet.

63
Internet A Network of Networks
  • How multiple packet switching networks can be
    interconnected to form an Internet that function
    like a single, large network.

64
Use A Computer to Interconnect Networks
Interconnecting Computer
65
Use A Computer to Interconnect Networks
Computers that interconnect networks are
dedicated to the interconnection task. They can
use conventional hardware and run on
special-purpose software that starts
automatically when the system is powered on and
remains operating all the time.
Interconnecting Computer
66
Interconnection Computers Pass Packets
Interconnecting Computer
67
Interconnection Computers Pass Packets
Interconnecting Computer
68
Interconnection Computers Pass Packets
Interconnecting Computer
69
Interconnection Computers Pass Packets
Interconnecting Computer
70
Interconnection Computers Pass Packets
Interconnecting Computer
An interconnecting computer is call router
71
Routers are Building Blocks of the Internet
  • The Internet is not a single computer network
  • It consists of thousands of computer networks
    interconnected by dedicated, special purpose
    computers called routers

72
Routers are Building Blocks of the Internet
  • The Internet is not a single computer network
  • It consists of thousands of computer networks
    interconnected by dedicated, special purpose
    computers called routers

73
The Hierarchical Structure of the Internet
Major ISP
Major ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
subscribers
subscribers
subscribers
74
Where Packets Travel
Major ISP
Major ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
75
Where Packets Travel
Major ISP
Major ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
76
Where Packets Travel
Major ISP
Major ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
77
Where Packets Travel
Major ISP
Major ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
78
Where Packets Travel
Major ISP
Major ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
79
Where Packets Travel
Major ISP
Major ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
80
Where Packets Travel
Major ISP
Major ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
81
Interconnecting Networks was Revolutionary
Interconnecting Computer (Router)
82
Summary
  • To the user the Internet seems to be a single
    network
  • It in fact consists of thousands of networks
    interconnected by a dedicated device known as
    routers.
  • A router can connect LAN/LAN, LAN/WAN, WAN/WAN
  • Networks in the Internet are arranged into a
    conceptual hierarchy of ISPs.
  • Using routers to interconnect networks produced a
    revolution.

83
ISPs Broadband and Wireless Access
  • How your compute can connect to and use the
    Internet

84
ISPs Broadband and Wireless Access
  • How your compute can connect to and use the
    Internet

85
Internet Service Providers and Fees
  • A company that provides Internet access is known
    as an Internet Service Provider (IPS)
  • ISP levy two types of fees
  • A charge for using the Internet
  • A charge for a physical connection to the
    Internet

86
Leased Line
  • Dedicated connection, available all the time
    (24/7)
  • Expensive
  • Large business users

87
Dial-Up Access
ISPs Computer Attached To the Internet
Users Computer
Voice Telephone system
Modem
Modem
ISPs Permanent Connection to The Internet
88
Modern Technologies Offer Inexpensive Dedicated
Access
  • Cable Modem From cable TV
  • DSL (ADSL) Digital subscriber line
    (Asynchronous digital subscriber line)
  • Wireless Access

89
Modern Technologies Offer Inexpensive Dedicated
Access
  • DSL (ADSL) for residential users
  • A separate pair of copper wires connects each
    residence to the telephone office
  • The technology sends digital data over the same
    wires that are used for conversational telephone
    service, there is no interference. Telephone
    calls do not interfere with Internet use, and
    Internet use does not interfere with telephone
    calls.

90
Wi-Fi and 3G
  • Most laptop has Wi-Fi
  • 3G Mobile phone access to the Internet
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