The Columbian Exchange - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

The Columbian Exchange

Description:

Title: The European Conquest of the Americas Author: Susan M. Pojer Last modified by: DWoolley Created Date: 6/6/2003 12:18:24 AM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:210
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 28
Provided by: Sus4189
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: The Columbian Exchange


1
The Columbian Exchange
  • European Immigrants are all over the place,
    which requires explanation
  • Alfred Crosby

2
Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered
the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
3
The Columbian Exchange
  • The Columbian Exchange is the sharing of
    cultures that transformed the lives of two
    continents.
  • Its was a two-way process with people, goods, and
    ideas moving back and forth.
  • The three main elements are Plants, animals and
    disease
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Diseases
  • Demographic
  • Mineral Wealth
  • Trade Items
  • Technology
  • Language
  • Religion
  • Economy
  • Government

4
The Columbian Exchange
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
5
The Exchange can be positive or negative in its
effects
  • In the exchange that was made widespread by
    Columbus, Disease was the most negative for
    Indian peoples
  • Fatality rate over a period of two to three
    generations was 95 for many tribal groups
  • In some cases, as in the Mohegans case, the
    fatality rate could be 100

6
Europeans believed that it was Gods will that
Indians died
  • There was no germ theory at the time of contact
  • Illness in Europe was considered to be the
    consequence of sin
  • Indians, who were largely heathen or
    non-Christian were regarded as sinners and
    therefore subject to illness as a punishment

7
New World Diseases
  • Not all pathogens traveled from Europe to the
    Americas
  • Syphilis, polio, hepatitis and encephalitis were
    new world diseases
  • African slaves were less vulnerable to European
    diseases than were Indians
  • Europeans succumbed to Malaria easily

8
Old World Diseases
  • European disease was particularly virulent
  • Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough,
    chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever and
    influenza were the most common diseases exchanged
  • Nearly all of the European diseases were
    communicable by air and touch.
  • The pathway of these diseases was invisible to
    both Indians and Europeans

9
Disease raced ahead of people
  • In most cases, Indian peoples became sick even
    before they had direct contact with Europeans
  • Trade goods that traveled from tribe to tribe
    though middlemen were often the vector of disease
  • There is little or no evidence to think that
    Europeans intentionally infected trade items for
    trade with Indians to kill them

10
Mainland outbreaks
  • Diseases, especially smallpox, were transported
    from the Caribbean to the mainland by the Cortez
    expedition in the 1630s
  • A sick African infected the Aztecs of Mexico City
  • Incubation of smallpox is 14 daysthis causes the
    disease to spread over great distances
  • Smallpox killed half the Iroquois populations in
    1738 and again in 1759
  • Entire tribe of Mandans died in the winter of
    1837-38

11
Why were Europeans immune?
  • Has everything to do with their original
    environments
  • Most pathogens originate with animals or insects
  • Domesticated animals and plants were more
    numerous in Europe
  • Greater diversity meant more ecological
    protection

12
Disease
  • The greatest genocide in human history.
  • Central Mexico
  • Indigenous population decline from 25 million to
    less than one million with a century. Around
    Mexico and Central America population decline by
    as much as 90 percent.
  • Caribbean
  • In the island of Hispaniola population declined
    from one million to 1492 to 46,000 by 1512.
  • North America
  • 90 percent of the Indian population where gone
    within a century of the Puritan landing on
    Plymouth Rock.

13
Demographic Impact
  1. Indian population decrease
  2. African Diaspora
  3. European Migration
  4. Mixing of Populations (miscegenation)

14
Indian Population Decrease
  • Diseases
  • In Europe an outbreak of small pox would kill 30
    percent of those infected. In the American the
    small pox death rate was nearly 50 percent.
  • War
  • The battle of Tenochtitlan lasted eight-day where
    240,000 natives perished.
  • Labor
  • Many Natives are worked to death

15
African Diaspora
  • A decrease of Native America population prompted
    to import labor from Africa.
  • They worked in mines, agriculture, port towns,
    and sugar mills.
  • African slaves were imported to all parts of
    America.

16
(No Transcript)
17
European Migration
  • A relative small number of European males
    migrated Latin America and the Caribbean during
    colonial period.
  • To give an example from Mexico and Central
    America in 1570 only about 60,000 or 2 percent of
    the total population 3,096,000, was classified as
    white.
  • By 1650 that white population had doubled to
    120,000 roughly 6 percent of the depleted total
    of 1,880,000.
  • At the close of the colonial era in 1825 about 1
    million or 14 percent of the total population of
    just over 7 million was white.

18
(No Transcript)
19
Miscegenation
  • The intermixing of Indians, Africans, and
    Europeans created a multi-racial society.
  • Color became status symbol.
  • Complex race structure.
  • Peninsulares Europeans born in the the Iberian
    Peninsula.
  • Creoles Children of European descent born in
    America.
  • Mestizo Offsprings of European and Indian
    unions.
  • Mulatto Children of European and African unions.
  • Zambos Indians and Black.
  • Coyotes Mestizos and Indian..

20
PLANTS
  • Americas
  • Maize
  • Potato
  • Tomato
  • Tobacco
  • Beans
  • Cacao
  • Cotton
  • Europe
  • Sugar
  • Rice
  • Wheat
  • Coffee
  • Banana
  • Grapes

21
The silent invasion of America
  • Plants were brought by Europeans to the New World
    to see how they would flourish as cash crops
  • Plants and seeds also harbored old world weeds
    (pathogens)
  • Old world plants, weeds and animals were all more
    opportunistic because of their original, more
    competitive environments
  • Crowded out indigenous plants and animals

22
(No Transcript)
23
Animals
  • Europe
  • Cattle
  • Horse
  • Pigs
  • Sheep
  • Americas
  • Turkey

24
(No Transcript)
25
Missions
  • What was the importance of the Missions?
  • Missions played a key role in the colonizing the
    United States.
  • Foundation of American cities
  • Founders of key USA cities such as San Antonio,
    El Paso, Santa Fe, Tucson, San Diego, Los
    Angeles, Monterrey, and San Francisco.
  • Franciscans founded 40 thriving mission in
    Florida and the Southwest.
  • Acculturation Center- agricultural practices,
    cultural, and religious.

26
Treasuresfrom the Americas!
27
Mercantilism
  • The economy and trade are essential to the
    health and safety of the nation.
  1. Get as much gold and silveras you can.
  2. Establish a favorable balance of trade.
  3. Get colonies.
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com