The Nervous System

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The Nervous System
Ode To The Brain http//www.wimp.com/brainautotune
d/

• Anatomy Physiology

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The BasicsThe nervous system is your body's
decision and communication center.

• The central nervous system (CNS) is made of the
  brain and the spinal cord
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made of
  nerves.

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Neurons

• A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic
  building block of the nervous system and are
  specialized to transmit information throughout
  the body.
• Job communicating information in both chemical
  and electrical forms.
• 3 main types
• 1. Sensory neurons (afferent) carry information
  from the sensory receptor cells throughout the
  body to the brain.
• 2. Motor neurons (efferent) transmit information
  from the brain to the muscles of the body.
• 3. Interneurons are responsible for
  communicating
• information between different neurons in
  the body.
• Well get back to these later..

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Do Now!

• What are the two main parts of the nervous
  system?
• What organs are these two parts made up of?
• What is a neuron?
• What are the 3 different kinds of neurons?

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Use the definitions below to correctly label this
neuron

• axon - the long extension of a neuron that
  carries nerve impulses away from the body of the
  cell to other neurons.
• axon terminals - the hair-like ends of the axon
• cell body - the cell body of the neuron it
  contains the nucleus (also called the soma)
• dendrites - the branching structure of a neuron
  that receives messages (attached to the cell
  body)
• myelin sheath - the fatty substance that
  surrounds and protects some nerve fibers node of
  Ranvier - one of the many gaps in the myelin
  sheath - this is where the action potential
  occurs during saltatory conduction along the axon
  
• nucleus - the organelle in the cell body of the
  neuron that contains the genetic material of the
  cell
• Schwann's cells - cells that produce myelin -
  they are located within the myelin sheath.

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Ready for the answers?
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Neurons
Neuron Parts Soma body of the cell (main
space contains nucleus/DNA) Dendrites receive
messages from neurons Axon sends messages to
other neurons
Anatomy of a nerve http//www.youtube.com/watch?v
XgIaAs_ONG4featurerelated
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Two parts of Nervous system Neuron video clip

• The Nervous System
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vxx--f9Y8wjg

The Teenage Brain on NOVA http//www.pbs.org/wgbh
/pages/frontline/video/flv/generic.html?sfrol02p3
92continuous1
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How messages are sent and received

• Neurons send messages electrochemically. This
  means that chemicals cause an electrical signal.
• Chemicals in the body are "electrically-charged"
  -- when they have an electrical charge, they are
  called ions.

Watch Bill Nyes Greatest Science Discoveries on
Neutrotransmitters.
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How messages are sent and received continued

• Resting Membrane Potential At rest, there is an
  excess of negative ions inside the neuron
  compared to the outside.

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How messages are sent and received continued
http//www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id
153535

• Action Potential
• When a message is incoming, the membrane opens at
  that point, and positively charged ions flow in.
• This process is repeated along the length of the
  membrane, creating the neural impulse that
  travels down the axon, causing the neuron to
  fire.
• Electrical changes during the action
  potential.The incoming message must be above a
  certain threshold to cause a neuron to fire.
  After it fires, the neuron is returned to its
  resting state. This process happens very quickly,
  and within a few thousandths of a second the
  neuron is ready to fire again.

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Myelin and Nodes of Ranvier

• The axons of the nerve cells are sheathed in a
  smooth fatty protein called myelin which
  insulates the axon. It considerably increases the
  speed that nerve impulses travel along the axon.
• Without the myelin, the axons would have to be
  about one hundred times their volume to achieve
  the same speed of nerve transmissions. The myelin
  is wrapped around the axon in many thin layers.
  The myelin does not enclose the axon in one
  entire sheath, but has gaps at intervals called
  the nodes of Ranvier.

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What causes the change in potential to occur?

• A stimulus causes the sodium gates (channel) to
  open and, because there's more sodium on the
  outside than the inside of the membrane, sodium
  then diffuses rapidly into the nerve cell.
• 2. All these positively-charged sodium ions
  rushing in causes the membrane potential to
  become positive (the inside of the membrane is
  now positive relative to the outside). The sodium
  channels open only briefly, then close again.
• 3. The potassium channels then open, and, because
  there is more potassium inside the membrane than
  outside, positively-charged potassium ions
  diffuse out. As these positive ions go out, the
  inside of the membrane once again becomes
  negative with respect to the outside.

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From One To The Next

• A chemical message (called a neurotransmitter)
  passes from the sending neuron to the receiving
  neuron.
• The neurotransmitters leave the sending neuron
  and enter the space between the sending and
  receiving neurons. This space is called the
  synapse or synaptic cleft.
• The neurotransmitters then hook up to a receptor
  on the receiving neuron to deliver their message.

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• Once neurotransmitters have sent their message,
  they can be reabsorbed by the sending neuron in a
  process called reuptake.
• Reuptake allows the messengers to be reused.

• Two of these neurotransmitters are serotonin and
  norepinephrine

Reuptake of serotonin occurs when some of the
serotonin that is passed from the presynaptic
neuron is recycled back into that neuron (see
upward arrows and F). SSRIs (P) block this
reuptake by blocking the channels (B) which allow
for this reuptake of the serotonin (C). This
increases the amount of serotonin in the synaptic
cleft that can bind with receptors on the
postsynaptic terminal.
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Antidepressant Meds

• SSRI
• Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the
  synapse are associated with depression and
  sadness. Some medications used to treat
  depression work by increasing the amount of
  certain neurotransmitters that are available to
  carry messages.
• Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin
  reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, work by slowing or
  blocking the sending neuron from taking back the
  released serotonin. In that way, more of this
  chemical is available in the synapse.
• The more of this neurotransmitter that is
  available, the more likely the message is
  received, and depression is reduced.
• MAO INHIBITORS
• The antidepressants known as MAO inhibitors, or
  MAOIs, affect neurotransmitters differently.
  Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a natural enzyme that
  breaks down neurotransmitters. The drug MAOI
  disrupts the action of the enzyme MAO. In that
  way, there is an increase in the amount of
  neurotransmitters in the synapse, making more
  messengers available to the receiving neuron, and
  thus reducing depression.

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Neuron parts

• http//garyfisk.com/anim/neuronparts.swf
• Animated visual http//www.classzone.com/cz/books
  /bio_07/get_chapter_group.htm?cin9rganimated_bi
  ologyatanimated_biologyvaranimated_biology

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Quiz Time! Name the ..

• 1. Part of the neuron that releases
  neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. 2.
  Fatty material that surrounds some axons. 3.
  Part that takes information away from the cell
  body. 4. The gaps in the myelin sheath. 5. Part
  of neuron that contains the nucleus. 6. Part
  that takes information to the cell body. 7.
  Organelle in neuron that contains genetic
  material.

Answers are 1. Axon terminal 4. Nodes of
Ranvier 7. Nucleus 2. Myelin 5. Soma 3.
Axon 6. Dendrites
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The Central Nervous System
young frankenstein part 1

• Interesting Facts!
• The central nervous system is divided into two
  parts the brain and the spinal cord.
• The average adult human brain weighs 1.3 to 1.4
  kg (approximately 3 pounds).
• The brain contains about 100 billion nerve cells
  (neurons) and trillions of "support cells" called
  gila.
• The spinal cord is about 43 cm long in adult
  women and 45 cm long in adult men and weighs
  about 35-40 grams.
• The vertebral column, the collection of bones
  (back bone) that houses the spinal cord, is about
  70 cm long. Therefore, the spinal cord is much
  shorter than the vertebral column.

The Brain The Inside Story http//watch.thirteen
.org/video/1896942975/
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The CNS The Brain
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• The cerebrum -- which is just Latin for "brain"
  -- is the newest (evolutionarily) and largest
  part of the brain as a whole.  It is here that
  things like perception, imagination, thought,
  judgment, and decision occur.
• The surface of the cerebrum -- the cerebral
  cortex -- is composed of six thin layers of
  neurons (nerve cells) and is refered to as the
  grey matter. It sits on top of a large
  collection of white matter pathways. 
• The cortex is heavily convoluted with ridges
  called gyri and valleys called sulci. If you
  were to spread the cortex out, it would actually
  take up about 2 1/2 square feet (2500 sq cm).  It
  includes about 10 billion neurons, with about 50
  trillion synapses!
• The cerebral cortex is divided into four
  sections, called "lobes" the frontal lobe,
  parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.
  

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The Brain
The cerebral cortex is comprised of the frontal
lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal
lobe.
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What do each of these lobes do?

• Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning,
  planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions,
  and problem solving

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Functions associated with the frontal
lobes Conscious thought Concentration
Perseverance Judgment Attention span Impulse
control - self monitoring and supervision
Problem solving Organization Critical thinking
Forward thinking Ability to feel and express
emotions Empathy
YouTube - NEURONS AND NEURO-TRANSMITTERS
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What do each of these lobes do?

• Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning,
  planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions,
  and problem solving
• Parietal Lobe- associated with movement,
  orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

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Parietal Lobe

• The parietal lobes can be divided into two
  functional regions.
• One involves sensation and perception and the
  other is concerned with integrating sensory
  input, primarily with the visual system.

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What do each of these lobes do?

• Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning,
  planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions,
  and problem solving
• Parietal Lobe- associated with movement,
  orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
• Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing
  

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Occipital lobes

• The OC are the center of our visual perception
  system. They are not particularly vulnerable to
  injury because of their location at the back of
  the brain, although any significant trauma to the
  brain could produce subtle changes to our
  visual-perceptual system, such as visual field
  defects.

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What do each of these lobes do?

• Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning,
  planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions,
  and problem solving
• Parietal Lobe- associated with movement,
  orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
• Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing
  
• Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and
  recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and
  speech

The senses of the body (speech, hearing,
feelings, seeing and memory) and control of the
muscles, are part of the grey matters function.
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TEMPORAL LOBES Located at sides of head above
ears, the temporal lobes form the wings of the
soul of our living caduceus. Functions The
dominant side is usually the left hand side and
governs- Hearing ability Understanding and
processing language Memory acquisition -
particularly long term memory Some visual
perceptions Categorization of objects. The no
dominant side or right side governs- Recognition
of facial expressions Decoding vocal intonation
Rhythm Music Visual learning
http//web-us.com/brain/braindominance.htm Left
vs. Right side brain test
How your memory works?
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• A deep furrow divides the cerebrum into two
  halves, known as the left and right hemispheres.
  Sometimes the right hemisphere is associated with
  creativity and the left hemispheres is associated
  with logic abilities.
• The corpus callosum is a bundle of axons which
  connects these two hemispheres.

The right hemisphere controls the left side of
the body, and the left hemisphere controls the
right side.
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Do Now!

• What are the 4 parts of the cerebrum?
• The convolutions of the cerebrum are comprised of
  ridges and valleys. What are the ridges called?
  The valleys?
• What part of the brain is dedicated to visual
  perceptions?
• What part of the brain is associated with
  reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement,
  emotions, and problem solving?
• 5. What part of the brain is associated with
  movement, orientation, recognition, perception of
  stimuli?
• 6. What part of the brain is associated with
  perception and recognition of auditory stimuli,
  memory, and speech?
• 7. What is the deep furrow that divides the
  cerebrum into two halves known as?

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The Cerebellum

• The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to
  the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and
  has a highly folded surface or cortex.

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CEREBELLUM Located at the base of the skull, and
attached to the rear of the brain stem.
Functions Coordination of voluntary
movement posture Balance and equilibrium Some
memory for reflex motor acts.
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Limbic System

• The limbic system, often referred to as the
  "emotional brain", is found buried within the
  cerebrum. Like the cerebellum, evolutionarily the
  structure is rather old.
• This system contains the
• thalamus (almost all sensory information enters
  this structure where neurons send that
  information to the overlying cortex ),
• hypothalamus (functions including homeostasis,
  emotion, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythms, and
  control of the autonomic nervous system. In
  addition, it controls the pituitary )
• amygdala (memory, emotion, and fear ),
• hippocampus (important for learning and memory,
  for converting short term memory to more
  permanent memory, and for recalling spatial
  relationships in the world about us)

Sense of smell
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BRAIN STEM Located deep in the brain, leads to
spinal cord. Often referred to as The 'Reptilian'
or 'Primitive' Brain. The majority of the cranial
nerves exit from the brain stem at the
pons. Functions Breathing Heart Rate
Swallowing Reflexes to seeing and hearing
(Startle Response). Controls sweating, blood
pressure, digestion, temperature (Autonomic
Nervous System). Affects level of alertness.
Ability to sleep. Sense of balance (Vestibular
Function).
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Grey vs. White Matter

• Grey matter closely packed neuron cell bodies
  (making up the cerebral cortex) form the grey
  matter  of the brain. The grey matter includes
  regions of the brain involved in muscle control,
  sensory perceptions, such as seeing and hearing,
  memory, emotions and speech.
• White matter neuronal tissue containing mainly
  long, myelinated axons, is known as white
  matter or the diencephalon. It makes up the
  cerebrum. The color comes from the myelin.
• The nuclei of the white matter are involved in
  the relay of sensory information from the rest of
  the body to the cerebral cortex, as well as in
  the regulation of autonomic (unconscious)
  functions such as body temperature, heart rate
  and blood pressure.
• Certain nuclei within the white matter are
  involved in the expression of emotions, the
  release of hormones from the pituitary gland, and
  in the regulation of food and water intake. These
  nuclei are generally considered part of the
  limbic system.

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Brain stem 3 parts

• Lower animals have only a medulla.
• The brain stem controls the reflexes and
  automatic functions (heart rate, blood pressure),
  limb movements and visceral functions (digestion,
  urination).

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• Corpus callosum
• Cerebellum
• Pituitary gland
• Pons
• Medulla
• Spinal cord
• Frontal
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Parietal

Put answers on back of fill-in page
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12 Cranial Nerves
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Fissure any cleft or groove, normal or
otherwise, especially a deep fold in the cerebral
cortex involving its entire thickness.
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Brains

• Wild pig, dolphin, human
• Chimpanzee?

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Sheep Brain Dissection Guide
http//www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Concepts/Html/she
epbrain.html http//academic.scranton.edu/departm
ent/psych/sheep/
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Dura mater
Superior ID
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After splitting the cerebral hemispheres
Part 1 Sheep brain dissection http//www.youtube.
com/watch?vy7gEWzPqm94
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Ventral side of the brain
Part 2 Brain dissection http//www.youtube.com/wa
tch?vjr3qSaUzc6Q
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Here's the cerebellum pushed downward to expose
the superior and inferior colliculi and pineal
gland
The Superior colliculus (2 parts) and the
inferior colliculus (2 parts) make up the corpora
quadrigemina. They are the reflex centers
involving hearing and vision.
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The Nerves
The largest nerve in the body is the sciatic and
it splits into the common tibial and fibular
nerves that run down each leg.
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How the messages travel
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PNS

• As part of the Peripheral Nervous System, nerves
  reach from your brain to your face, ears, eyes,
  nose, and spinal cord... and from the spinal cord
  to the rest of your body.
• Motor neurons (motoneurons) carry signals from
  the central nervous system to the outer parts
  (muscles, skin, glands) of your body.
• Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer
  parts of your body (periphery) into the central
  nervous system.
• Receptors sense the environment (chemicals,
  light, sound, touch) and encode this information
  into electrochemical messages that are
  transmitted by sensory neurons.
• Interneurons connect various neurons within the
  brain and spinal cord.

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Reflex Pathways

• The simplest type of neural pathway is a
  monosynaptic (single connection) reflex pathway,
  like the knee-jerk reflex.
• 1. When the doctor taps the right spot on your
  knee with a rubber hammer, receptors send a
  signal into the spinal cord through a sensory
  neuron.
• 2. The sensory neuron passes the message to a
  motor neuron that controls your leg muscles.
  Nerve impulses travel down the motor neuron and
  stimulate the appropriate leg muscle to contract.
  
• 3. The response is a muscular jerk that happens
  quickly and does not involve your brain.
• Humans have lots of hard-wired reflexes like
  this, but as tasks become more complex, the
  pathway "circuitry" gets more complicated and the
  brain gets involved.

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Revisiting the Knee-Jerk Response

• What is the stimulus?
• The hammer hits the tendon.
• The muscle contracts, causing the foot to jerk
  upward.
• What is the response?
• The muscle contracts, causing
• the foot to jerk upward.

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How is the Hammer Tap Detected?

• The muscles in your leg have stretch receptors.
• They react to a change in length of the muscle.
• When the hammer hits the tendon at the knee, it
• makes a muscle in the front of your thigh longer
• (stretches it).
• That stimulates the stretch receptors in that
  muscle.

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Other Reflexes

Stimulus Response
An insect flying towards your eye Blinking
The aroma of your favorite food Salivation
A bright light shining in your eye Pupils get smaller
A nasty odor Nausea
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Whats a Reflex?

• You need to detect a change in the environment (a
  stimulus) and react to the change (a response) in
  a way that maintains homeostasis.
• When you do this without thinking, it is called a
  reflex.

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How is a Stimulus Detected?

• Some cells are specialized to react to a specific
  stimulus.
• These are called receptors (they receive a
  stimulus). The receptor cells of your eyes are
  stimulated by light.

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The Response

• When the receptor is stimulated, it sends a
  message to a part of your body that effects the
  correct response.
• This is called the effector.

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Reflex arc
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How the Message Travels From the Receptor to the
Effector.

• A sensory neuron carries the message from the
  receptor to the central nervous system (the
  spinal cord and brain).
• A motor neuron carries the message from the
  central nervous system to the effector.
• This is a reflex arc.

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Motor (efferent) Neurons

• Is divided into two groups
• 1. Autonomic system
• The ANS In most situations, we are unaware of the
  workings of the ANS because it functions in an
  involuntary, reflexive manner.
• 2. Somatic system (back to this in a moment)

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Name the Neurons

• Neuron 2 ?
• Sensory (Afferent) Neuron

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Name the Neurons

• Neuron 3 ?
• Interneuron

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Name the Neurons

• Neuron 4 ?
• Motor (Efferent) Neuron

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The ANS is most important in two situations

• In emergencies that cause stress and require us
  to"fight" or take "flight" (run away)
•                      
• In non-emergencies that allow us to "rest"
  "digest."           .

The ANS is divided into three parts 1. The
sympathetic nervous system 2. The
parasympathetic nervous system 3. The enteric
nervous system (is a meshwork of nerve fibers
that innervate the viscera (gastrointestinal
tract, pancreas, and gall bladder).
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ANS

• Parasympathetic
• This calls for "Rest and Digest" responses. Now
  is the time for the parasympathetic nervous to
  work to save energy - your blood pressure
  decreases, your heart beats slower, and digestion
  can start.

• Sympathetic
• These are "Fight or Flight" responses. In these
  types of situations, your sympathetic nervous
  system is called into action - it uses energy -
  your blood pressure increases, your heart beats
  faster, and digestion slows down.

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The Autonomic Nervous System The Autonomic Nervous System The Autonomic Nervous System
Structure Sympathetic Stimulation Parasympathetic Stimulation
Iris (eye muscle) Pupil dilation Pupil constriction
Salivary Glands Saliva production reduced Saliva production increased
Oral/Nasal Mucosa Mucus production reduced Mucus production increased
Heart Heart rate and force increased Heart rate and force decreased
Lung Bronchial muscle relaxed Bronchial muscle contracted
Stomach Peristalsis reduced Gastric juice secreted motility increased
Small Intestine Motility reduced Digestion increased
Large Intestine Motility reduced Secretions and motility increased
Liver Increased conversion ofglycogen to glucose
Kidney Decreased urine secretion Increased urine secretion
Adrenal medulla Norepinephrine andepinephrine secreted
Bladder Wall relaxedSphincter closed Wall contractedSphincter relaxed

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• The inner part, the adrenal medulla, produces
  catecholamines, such as epinephrine.
• Also called adrenaline, epinephrine increases
  blood pressure and heart rate when the body
  experiences stress.
• These hormones are produced in response to
  stressors such as fright, anger, caffeine, or low
  blood sugar. (Epinephrine injections are often
  used to counteract a severe allergic reaction.)

Detailed epinephrine action Fight or
Flight http//www.youtube.com/watch?vejq99wLEMTw
featurerelated
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Flight or Flight Response Video

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v4g25d7_Afmcfeature
  related (from Discovery Channel 6 min.)
• Adrenaline Rush Standing on a cliff
  http//www.youtube.com/watch?vDplhL6mJhcQfeature
  related
• Adrenaline Rush Shark cage http//www.youtube.co
  m/watch?v50dVhd4dmp8featurefvwrel

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Back to The Somatic Nervous System

• Somatic Nervous System
• The somatic nervous system consists of
  peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory
  information to the central nervous system AND
  motor nerve fibers that project to skeletal
  muscle.
• The picture shows the somatic motor system. The
  cell body is located in either the brain or
  spinal cord and projects directly to a skeletal
  muscle.

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This very strange creature in the Glasgow Science
Centre is the Homunculus. The different parts of
the body are sized according to the amount of
nerves present in that part of the body.
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Disorders of the Nervous System
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Alzheimers disease

• progressive degenerative brain disease that
  results in dementia associated with a shortage of
  acetylcholine (an important neurotransmitter) and
  structural changes in brain areas involving
  cognition and memory. Because nerve cells do not
  undergo mitosis, new cells can not be generated.

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Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

• brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region
  is blocked and vital brain tissues dies as by a
  blood clot or ruptured blood vessel. This is
  more commonly called a stroke.

http//www.webmd.com/stroke/ss/slideshow-stroke-ov
erview?ecdwnl_chl_100411
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Stroke Test Talk, Wave, Smile

• The F.A.S.T. test helps spot symptoms. It stands
  for
• Face. Ask for a smile. Does one side droop?
• Arms. When raised, does one side drift down?
• Speech. Can the person repeat a simple sentence?
  Does he or she have trouble or slur words?
• Time. Time is critical. Call 911 immediately if
  any symptoms are present.

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Parkinsons Disease

• Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by a
  slowing of voluntary movements, bradykinesia
  stone face, muscular rigidity and tremor at
  rest. 
• These abnormalities result from a reduction of
  neurons that make dopamine.

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Multiple sclerosis

• when the myelin sheath around the axon
  deteriorates the electrical current is short
  circuited.
• The person may experience visual and speech
  disturbances and also lose muscle control.

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M.S.
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Tourette Syndrome

• This syndrome begins in childhood and manifests
  itself through various forms of tics. 
• These tics include frequent, irregular movements
  of the head, neck, or shoulders.  They also may
  be more complex motor behaviors such as snorting,
  sniffing, and involuntary vocalization. 
• As the syndrome progresses repetitive behaviors
  such as touching others, obsessive compulsive
  symptoms, and explosive involuntary cursing can
  be more common. 
• Aggressive behavior and improper sexual impulses
  are the rarest and most severe expressions of the
  syndrome. 
• The cause of Tourette syndrome is not known, but
  it is believed to have a genetic component.

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Famous People with Tourettes (OCD)
  Dan Ackroyd was diagnosed with tourette's and
asperger syndromes at an early age, but the
symptoms seem to have disappeared when he was
around 14. The diagnosis of Asperger syndrome did
not exist in the 1960s, when Aykroyd was a
preteen. It involved mostly grunting and physical
tics through nervousness.
David suffers from OCD and it manifests itself
through constant cleanliness and perfection of
all that is around him. Anything out of order is
enough to cause a conflict and must be attended
to immediately. Examples of this complete order
is that everything must be in pairs, if there are
three books on a table one must be added, or one
must be removed. Only 2 of the population suffer
from this strong OCD.

•  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - (1756-1791) It has
  also been documented that he was hyperactive,
  suffered from mood swings, had tics, and loved
  made-up words. Despite these behaviors, we will
  probably never know for certain whether Mozart
  had TS.

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Cerebral Edema

• The brain reacts to severe head trauma by
  retaining water. As a result, the brain swells.
  The pressure grows as the brain presses on the
  skull. This can be fatal or result in severe
  brain damage.

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Famous People with Cerebral Edema
Actor Natasha Richardson
98
Video The Secret Mind54 min

• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid2661634191
  857056612

99
Nervous System Test

• Complete your study guide to prepare for the
  test.
• The test has.
• 29 multiple choice (2 pts each)
• 6 labeling neuron (2 points each)
• 10 fill in the blanks (2 pts each)
• 6 label parts of the brain
• 100 points