THE TEMPERATURE REMAINING CONSTANT THE CURRENT FLOWING IN THE CIRCUIT IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE APPLIED VOLTAGE AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO ITS RESISTANCE.

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OHMS LAW FOR DC
THE TEMPERATURE REMAINING CONSTANT THE CURRENT
FLOWING IN THE CIRCUIT IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
TO THE APPLIED VOLTAGE AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO ITS RESISTANCE. V I X R I V/R R
V/I
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NUMERICALS BASED ON OHMS LAW
IF V 9 VOLT AND R 10 OHMS I
V/R 9/10 0.9 AMPERE IF I 10 AMPERE
V 10 VOLT R I/V 10 / 10 1 OHM IF I
10 AMPERE R 5 OHMS V I R 10 5
50 VOLT
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KIRCHHOFFS FIRST LAW THE TOTAL CURRENT ENTERING
THE CUIRCUIT (FLOWING TOWARDS) IS EQUAL TO THE
TOTAL CURRENT LEAVING THE CUIRCUIT. KIRCHHOFFS
SECOND LAW THE TOTAL VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE
RESISTANCE OF A CLOSED CIRCUIT IS EQUAL TO THE
TOTAL VOLTAGE APPLIED TO THE CIRCUIT.
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DIAGRAM KIRCHHOFFS FIRST LAW DIAGRAM
KIRCHHOFFS SECOND LAW
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POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
IT IS THE AMOUNT OF THE WORK DONE IN BRINGING ONE
UNIT OF POSITIVE CHARGE FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER
IN THE ELECTRIC FIELD. THE VOLTAGE RATING IS
MEASURE OF PRESSURE. THE AMOUNT OF PUSH BEHIND
ELECTRIC CURRENT (EMF). UNIT IS VOLT
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AMPERE
THE RATE OF FLOW OF ELECTRON EQUAL TO ONE
COULOMB PER SECOND. AMPERE IS UNIT OF CURRENT.
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ELECTRIC POWER (WATT) WHENEVER ELECTRIC CURRENT
FLOWS WORK IS DONE IN MOVING THE ELECTRONS
THROUGH THE CONDUCTOR. THE RATE AT WHICH THE
WORK IS DONE IS CALLED POWER. THE BASIC UNIT OF
POWER IS WATT. P V X I OR P I X I X R 1000
WATT 1 KILO WATT ( ONE UNIT OF ELECTRICITY IS 1
KW HR ) ONE HORSE POWER 746 WATTS. ( ENERGY
REQUIRED TO LIFT 33000 POUNDS OF WEIGHT TO 1 FEET
OF HEIGHT AND KEEP IT THERE FOR 1 MIN.
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WATT and DECIBEL 1dB 10 Log WATT CONVERTING
100 WATT INTO DECIBELS 100 WATT (10 log 100)
dB 10 2 20 dB 100 WATT 20 dB, 1000
WATT 30 dB
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JOULE UNIT OF WORK. ENERGY SPENT IN ONE SECOND
BY AN AMPERE FLOWING THROUGH ONE OHM. ENERGY
THE STRENGTH OR CAPACITY REQUIRED TO DO WORK.
POWER MEASURED OVER A TIME (KW HR)
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RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE IS THE OPPOSITION OFFERED BY A
MATERIAL TO THE FLOW OF ELECTRON. IN A CIRCUIT
RESISTANCE IS USED TO REGULATE FLOW OF CURRENT
AND ALSO TO GENERATE HEAT AND LIGHT AT CERTAIN
OCCASION THE UNIT OF RESISTANCE IS OHMS. 1000
OHMS 1 KILO OHMS 1 AMPERE 1000 MILI AMPERE 1
MICRO VOLT 1/1 000 000 VOLT
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RESISTANCE COLOUR CODE AND CIRCUIT SYMBOL
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RESISTANCE COLOUR CODE AND CIRCUIT SYMBOL
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RESISTANCE COLOUR CODE B BLACK 0 B BROWN
1 R RED 2 O ORANGE 3 Y YELLOW 4 G GREEN
5 B BLUE 6 V VOILET 7 G GREY 8 W WHITE
9 B B ROY GREAT BRITAIN VERY GOOD WIFE FIRST
AND SECOND COLOUR ARE DIGITS. THIRD COLOUR IS NO
OF ZEROS FOURTH COLOUR IS TOLERANCE
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RESISTANCE COLOUR CODE B BLACK 0 B BROWN
1 R RED 2 O ORANGE 3 Y YELLOW 4 G GREEN
5 B BLUE 6 V VOILET 7 G GREY 8 W WHITE
9 FOURTH COLOUR IS TOLERANCE GOLD 5
SILVER 10 NO COLOUR 20 31 OHMS FIRST
COLOUR WILL BE ORANGE SECOND COLOUR WILL BE
BROWN THIRD COLOUR WILL BE BLACK
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RESISTANCDE IN SERIES R R1 R2
R3 RESISTANCDE IN PARALLEL 1/R 1/R1 1/R2
1/R3
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NUMERICALS RESISTANCE
IF R1 20 OHMS R2 30 OHMS R1 40 OHMS IN
SERIES R R1 R2 R3 R 20 30 40 90
OHMS IN PARALLEL 1/R 1/R1 1/R2 1/R3 1/R
1/20 1/30 1/40 6/120 4/120 3/120
13/120 R 120/13 9 OHMS APPROX
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• An RLC circuit (also known as a resonant circuit,
  tuned circuit, or LCR circuit) is an electrical
  circuit consisting of a resistor (R), an inductor
  (L), and a capacitor (C), connected in series or
  in parallel. This configuration forms a harmonic
  oscillator.
• Tuned circuits have many applications
  particularly for oscillating circuits and in
  radio and communication engineering. They can be
  used to select a certain narrow range of
  frequencies from the total spectrum of ambient
  radio waves. For example, AM/FM radios typically
  use an RLC circuit to tune a radio frequency.
  Most commonly a variable capacitor allows you to
  change the value of C in the circuit and tune to
  stations on different frequencies. Other
  practical designs vary the inductance L to adjust
  tuning.
• An RLC circuit is called a second-order circuit
  as any voltage or current in the circuit can be
  described by a second-order differential equation
  for circuit analysis.

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• Series RLC with Thévenin power source
• In this circuit, the three components are all in
  series with the voltage source.

• Given the parameters v, R, L, and C, the solution
  for the charge, q, can be found using Kirchhoff's
  voltage law. (KVL) gives
•                                                 
      
• For a time-changing voltage v(t), this becomes

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• Parallel RLC circuit

• The complex admittance of this circuit is given
  by adding up the admittances of the components

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OHMS LAW FOR AC
IMPEDENANCE DESCRIBES A MEASURE OF OPPOSITION TO
ALTERNATING CURRENT. IT IS COMBINATION OF
RESISTANCE, CAPACITIVE REACTANCE AND INDUCTIVE
REACTANCE IT CAN BE CALCULATED BY OHMS LAW I
E/Z
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OHMS LAW FOR AC
RESONANCE IS A SPECIAL FREQUENCY IN AC CIRCUIT
DETERMINED BY VALUE OF RESISTANCE , CAPACITANCE
AND INDUCTANCE. IN SERIES RESONANCE IS GIVEN BY
MINIMUM IMPEDENCE AND ZERO PHASE. IN PARALLEL
ROSONANCE IN MAXIMUM, WHEN INDUCTANCE AND
CAPCITANCE ARE EQUAL AND 180 OUT OF PHASE. IT
CAN BE CALCULATED BY F ½ PI UNDERROOT LC
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IMPEDENANCE DESCRIBES A MEASURE OF OPPOSITION TO
ALTERNATING CURRENT IT IS COMBINATION OF
RESISTANCE, CAPACITIVE REACTANCE AND INDUCTIVE
REACTANCE IT CAN BE CALCULATED BY OHMS LAW I
E/Z
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FUSE IT IS CURRENT RATED. IT IS INSERTED
BETWEEN ELECTRICAL SUPPLY AND EQUIPMENT TO
PROTECT IT FROM GETTING DAMAGED. IF CURRENT FLOW
IN THE CIRCUITS EXCEEDS THE RATING. IF EQUIPMENT
NEEDS 500 M A FUSE ( ½ A) IS INSERTED. CIRCUITS
BREAKER ARE ALSO USED AS PROTECTION FROM OVER
LOADS. IF CURRENT INCREASES, IT JUMPS AND BREAKS
THE CIRCUIT.
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CELL

• CELL IS A DEVICE WHICH CONVERTS CHEMICAL
  ENERGY INTO DIRECT CURRENT
• COMBINATION OF CELLS IS KNOWN AS BATTERY
• CELLS CAN BE CONNECTED IN SERIES OR PARELLEL
• SERIES VOLTAGE ADDS UP CURRENT REMAINS THE
  SAME
• PARALLEL CURRENT ADDS UP VOLTAGE
  REMAINS THE SAME

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RATING OF A BATTERY

• BATTERIES ARE RATED IN AMPERE HOUR (AH)
• 5 AH BATTERY CAN GIVE CURRENT OF 1 AMPERE FOR
  5 HOURS OR 5 AMPERE FOR 1 HOUR. BUT IT CAN NOT
  GIVE 10 AMPERE FOR HALF HOUR DUE TO BATTERY
  INTERNAL RESISTANCE

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM CELL
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TYPES OF CELLS PRIMARY

• DRY CELLS ARE KNOWN AS PRIMARY CELLS
• VOLTAGE IS 1.5 VOLT (ONE TIME USE TYPE)
• CARBON ROD IS VE
• CONTAINER IS ZINC VE
• AMMONIUM CHLORIDE IS ELECTROLYTE
• ADVANTAGE CHEAP TO MASS PRODUCE
• DISADVANTAGE CAN NOT BE RECHARGED AND IF
  LEFT UNUSED FOR SOME TIME, IT DETORIATES

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CELLS SECONDARY CELL

• SECONDARY CELLS CAN BE RE CAHRGED
• TWO TYPES OF SECONDARY CELLS ARE
• LEAD ACID
• NICKEL CADMIUM

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SECONDARY CELLS LEAD ACID

• VOLTAGE IS 2 VOLT
• LEAD PEROXIDE IS VE
• LEAD OXIDE IS VE
• DILUTED SULPHURIC ACID IS ELECTROLYTE
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY WHEN CHARGED 1.25 TO 1.35
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY WHEN DISCHARGED FALLS TO
  1.17.
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS MEASURED BY HYDROMETER
• TOPPING UP IS DONE BY DISTILLED WATER

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LEAD ACID ADVANTAGE / DISADVANTAGE

• ADVANTAGE
• CAN BE RECAHRGED
• DISADVATAGE
• BATTERIES DISCHARGES IF KEPT UNUSED FOR A
  LONG TIME
• CHARGING HAS TO BE CAREFULLY MONITORED BY
  CHECKING VOLTAGE AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• OVERCHARGING IS A PROBLEM
• BOTH VOLTAGE AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS CHECKED
  FOR DETERMINING IF A BATTERY IS DISCHARGED.

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SECONDARY CELLS NICKEL CADMIUM

• VOLTAGE IS 1.2 VOLT UNDER VARYING LOAD
• NICKEL HYDROXIDE IS VE
• CADMIUM IS VE
• POTTASIUM HYDROXIDE (KOH) IS ELECTROLYTE

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NICKEL CADMIUM ADVANTAGE / DISADVANTAGE

• ADVANTAGE
• RUGGED, NON SPILLABLE
• NOT DAMAGED IF UNUSED FOR A LONG TIME
• OVER CHARGING AND DISCHARGING DOES NOT
  AFFECT MUCH
• USED IN AIRCRAFT

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INVERTOR

• AN INVERTOR IS AN ELECTRONIC DIVICE TO CONVERT
  DC TO AC
• BATTERY POWER IS USED FOR EMERGENCY SUPPLY
• BATTERY OUTPUT WHICH IS DC IS CONNECTED TO
  INVERTOR. THE OUTPUT IS FED TO EQUIPMENTS

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INDUCTOR

• A COIL OF WIRE USED TO SUPPLY INDUCTANCE IN
  THE CIRCUIT.
• VOLTAGE WHICH IS GENERATED IS CALLED INDUCED
  EMF
• INDUCED EMF OPPOSES ANY CHANGE IN THE CURRENT
  WHICH INDUCED IT.
• UNIT IS HENRIES AND SYMBOL IS L
• SERIES L L1 L2 L3
• PARALLEL L 1/L1 1/L2 1/L3

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INDUCTOR
INDUCTOR IN SERIES L L1 L2
L3 RESISTANCDE IN PARALLEL 1/L 1/L1 1/L2
1/L3
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NUMERICALS INDUCTOR
IF L1 20 HENERIES L2 30 HENERIES L1 40
HENERIES IN SERIES L L1 L2 L3 L 20 30
40 90 HENERIES IN PARALLEL 1/L 1/L1 1/L2
1/L3 1/L 1/20 1/30 1/40 6/120 4/120
3/120 13/120 L 120/13 9 HENERIES APPROX
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CAPACITOR

• TWO CONDUCTING PLATE SEPERATED BY INSULATING
  MATERIAL (DIEELECTRIC) CONSTITUTES A CAPACITOR
• AC WILL FLOW NOT DC
• UNIT IS FARAD
• SERIES 1/ C 1/C1 1/C2 1/C3
• PARALLEL C C1 C2 C3
• IN VARIABLE AIR CAPACITOR AIR IS DIELECTRIC
• F 1 / 2R UNDER ROOT LC

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NUMERICALS CAPACITOR
IF C1 20 FARAD C2 30 FARAD C1 40 FARAD
IN SERIES 1/C 1/C1 1/C2 1/C3 1/L 1/20
1/30 1/40 6/120 4/120 3/120 13/120 L
120/13 9 FARAD APPROX IN PARALLEL C C1 C2
C3 L 20 30 40 90 FARAD
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DIODE
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TRIODE

• A triode is an electronic amplification device
  having three active electrodes. The term most
  commonly applies to a vacuum tube (or valve in
  British English) with three elements the
  filament or cathode, the grid, and the plate or
  anode. The triode vacuum tube is the first
  electronic amplification device.

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TRANSISTOR PNP NPN

• A transistor is a semiconductor device used
  to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is
  made of a solid piece of semiconductor material,
  with at least three terminals for connection to
  an external circuit. A voltage or current applied
  to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes
  the current flowing through another pair of
  terminals. Because the controlled
  (output) power can be much more than the
  controlling (input) power, the transistor
  provides amplification of a signal. Some
  transistors are packaged individually but many
  more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
• The transistor is the fundamental building block
  of modern electronic devices, and its presence is
  ubiquitous in modern electronic systems.

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PNP NPN
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CATHODE RAY TUBE
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TRANSFORMER

• TRANSFORMER IS A DEVICE USED IN AN AC CIRCUIT
  EITHER IN TO STEP UP OR STEP DOWN THE VOLTAGE
• FOR CHANGING VOLTAGE IN DC CIRCUIT CELLS HAVE
  TO BE CONNECTED IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL
• DUE TO THE EASE WITH WHICH AC VOLTAGE CAN BE
  CHANGED, AC IS BEING ALL OVER THE WORLD
• 50 HZ IS USED IN DOMESTIC SUPPLY TO PREVENT
  LINE LOSSES AND 400 HZ IS USED IN AIRCRAFT TO
  REDUCE THE SIZE OF TRANSFORMER /CHOKES

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GENERATORS / MOTORS

• GENERATOR IS A MACHINE WHICH CONVERTS
  MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS
  CALLED GENERATOR
• A GENERATOR DESIGNED TO PRODUCE AC IS CALLED
  AC GENERATOR OR ALTERNATOR
• A GENERATOR DESIGNED TO PRODUCE DC IS CALLED
  AC GENERATOR
• COMMUTATOR IS USED TO CONVERT AC TO DC
• MOTOR IS A MACHINE WHICH CONVERTS ELECTRICAL
  ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY IS CALLED
  GENERATOR