BDOL Interactive Chalkboard

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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 1 What is Biology? Unit 2 Ecology Unit
3 The Life of a Cell Unit 4 Genetics Unit 5
Change Through Time Unit 6 Viruses, Bacteria,
Protists, and Fungi Unit 7 Plants Unit 8
Invertebrates Unit 9 Vertebrates Unit 10 The
Human Body
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 1 What is Biology? Chapter 1
Biology The Study of Life Unit 2 Ecology
Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Chapter
3 Communities and Biomes Chapter 4
Population Biology Chapter 5 Biological
Diversity and Conservation Unit 3 The Life of a
Cell Chapter 6 The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 7 A View of the Cell Chapter 8
Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 9 Energy in a Cell
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 4 Genetics Chapter 10 Mendel and
Meiosis Chapter 11 DNA and Genes
Chapter 12 Patterns of Heredity and Human
Genetics Chapter 13 Genetic
Technology Unit 5 Change Through Time
Chapter 14 The History of Life Chapter
15 The Theory of Evolution Chapter 16
Primate Evolution Chapter 17 Organizing
Lifes Diversity
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 6 Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Chapter 18 Viruses and Bacteria
Chapter 19 Protists Chapter 20 Fungi
Unit 7 Plants Chapter 21 What Is a
Plant? Chapter 22 The Diversity of
Plants Chapter 23 Plant Structure and
Function Chapter 24 Reproduction in
Plants
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 8 Invertebrates Chapter 25 What Is
an Animal? Chapter 26 Sponges,
Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
Roundworms Chapter 27
Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28
Arthropods Chapter 29 Echinoderms and
Invertebrate
Chordates
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 9 Vertebrates Chapter 30 Fishes
and Amphibians Chapter 31 Reptiles and
Birds Chapter 32 Mammals Chapter 33
Animal Behavior Unit 10 The Human Body
Chapter 34 Protection, Support, and
Locomotion Chapter 35 The Digestive and
Endocrine Systems Chapter 36 The Nervous
System Chapter 37 Respiration,
Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38
Reproduction and Development Chapter 39
Immunity from Disease
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Unit Overview pages 138-139
The Life of a Cell
The Chemistry of Life
A View of the Cell
Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
Energy in a Cell
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Chapter Contents page viii
Chapter 7 A View of a Cell 7.1 The Discovery of
Cells 7.1 Section Check 7.2 The Plasma
Membrane 7.2 Section Check 7.3 Eukaryotic
Cell Structure 7.3 Section Check Chapter 7
Summary Chapter 7 Assessment
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Chapter Intro-page 170
What Youll Learn
You will identify the parts of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
You will identify the structure and function of
the plasma membrane.
You will relate the structure of cell parts to
their functions.
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Chapter Intro-page 170
What Youll Learn
Cells are the foundation for the development of
all life forms. Birth, growth, death, and all
life functions begin as cellular functions.
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Lysosomes
Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondrion
Chapter Intro-page 174
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7.1 Section Objectives page 171
Section Objectives

• Relate advances in microscope technology to
  discoveries about cells and cell structure.

• Compare the operation of a microscope with that
  of an electron microscope.

• Identify the main ideas of the cell theory.

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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
The History of the Cell Theory

• Before microscopes were invented, people
  believed that diseases were caused by curses
  and supernatural spirits.

• As scientists began using microscopes, they
  quickly realized they were entering a new
  worldone of microorganisms.

• Microscopes enabled scientists to view and
  study cells, the basic units of living organisms.

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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
Development of Light Microscopes

• The first person to record looking at water under
  a microscope was Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

• The microscope van Leeuwenhoek used is considered
  a simple light microscope because it contained
  one lens and used natural light to view objects.

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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
Development of Light Microscopes
Compound light microscopes use a series of lenses
to magnify objects in steps.
These microscopes can magnify objects up to 1
500 times.
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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
Microscope Lab Techniques
Click image to view movie.
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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
The Cell Theory

• Robert Hooke was an English scientist who lived
  at the same time as van Leeuwenhock.

• Hooke used a compound light microscope to study
  cork, the dead cells of oak bark.

Cells are the basic building blocks of all
living things.
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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
The cell theory is made up of three main ideas
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of
organization of organisms.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
Development of Electron Microscopes

• The electron microscope was invented in the 1940s.

• This microscope uses a beam of electrons to
  magnify structures up to 500 000 times their
  actual size.

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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
Development of Electron Microscopes
There are two basic types of electron microscopes.
The scanning electron microscope scans the
surface of cells to learn their three dimensional
shape.
The transmission electron microscope allows
scientists to study the structures contained
within a cell.
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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
Two Basic Cell Types
Cells that do not contain internal
membrane-bound structures are called
prokaryotic cells.
Click here

• The cells of most unicellular organisms such as
  bacteria do not have membrane bound structures
  and are therefore called prokaryotes.

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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
7.1
Two Basic Cell Types
Cells containing membrane-bound structures
are called eukaryotic cells.
Click here

• Most of the multi-cellular plants and
  animals we know are made up of cells containing
  membrane-bound structures and are therefore
  called eukaryotes.

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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
Two Basic Cell Types
The membrane-bound structures within
eukaryotic cells are called organelles.

• Each organelle has a specific function that
  contributes to cell survival.

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Section 7.1 Summary pages 171-174
Two Basic Cell Types

• Separation of organelles into distinct
  compartments benefits the eukaryotic cells.

The nucleus is the central membrane-bound
organelle that manages cellular functions.
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Section 1 Check
Question 1
How did the invention of the microscope
impact society's understanding of disease?
A. Scientists were able to view microorganisms
that were previously unknown.
B. Microscopes were invented after the
development of the cell theory.
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Section 1 Check
Question 1
How did the invention of the microscope
impact society's understanding of disease?
C. It was once believed that viruses, not
bacteria, caused diseases.
D. Scientists could view membrane-bound
organelles of prokaryotes.
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Section 1 Check
The answer is A. Before microscopes were
invented, people believed that curses and
supernatural spirits caused diseases. Microscopes
enabled scientists to view cells, which led to
the discovery that microorganisms cause some
diseases.
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Section 1 Check
Question 2
Which of the following uses a beam of light and a
series of lenses to magnify objects in steps?
A. compound light microscope
B. scanning electron microscope
C. transmission electron microscope
D. simple light microscope
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Section 1 Check
The answer is A. Most microscopes use at least
two convex lenses. Compound light microscopes use
a light beam and a series of lenses and can
magnify objects up to about 1500 times. Electron
microscopes use a beam of electrons and can
magnify structures up to 500 000 times.
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Section 1 Check
Question 3
What makes this cell eukaryotic?
Nucleus
A. Because it has a cell wall.
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
B. Because it contains DNA.
Organelles
Plasma membrane
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Section 1 Check
Question 3
What makes this cell eukaryotic?
C. Because it has membrane-bound organelles.
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
D. Because it does not have DNA.
Organelles
Plasma membrane
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Section 1 Check
Question 3
The Answer is C. Eukaryotic cells contain
membrane-bound organelles that have specific
functions in the cell prokaryotic cells do not.
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
Organelles
Plasma membrane
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Section 2 Objectives page 175
Section Objectives

• Explain how a cells plasma membrane functions.

• Relate the function of the plasma membrane to
  the fluid mosaic model.

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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
All living cells must maintain a balance
regardless of internal and external conditions.
Survival depends on the cells ability to
maintain the proper conditions within itself.
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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
Why cells must control materials
The plasma membrane is the boundary between
the cell and its environment.
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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
It is the plasma membranes job to

• allow a steady supply of glucose, amino acids,
  and lipids to come into the cell no matter what
  the external conditions are.

• remove excess amounts of these nutrients when
  levels get so high that they are harmful.

• allow waste and other products to leave the
  cell.

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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
This process of maintaining the cells
environment is called homeostasis. Selective
permeability is a process used to maintain
homeostasis in which the plasma membrane allows
some molecules into the cell while keeping others
out.
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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
Plasma Membrane
Water
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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane is composed of two layers
of phospholipids back-to-back.
Phospholipids are lipids with a phosphate
attached to them.
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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
Phosphate Group
The lipids in a plasma membrane have a
glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a
phosphate group.
Glycerol Backbone
Two Fatty Acid Chains
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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
Makeup of the phospholipid bilayer
The phosphate group is critical for the
formation and function of the plasma membrane.
Phosphate Group
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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
Makeup of the phospholipid bilayer
The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma
membrane as a flexible boundary of a cell. The
phospholipids move within the membrane.
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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
Other components of the plasma membrane
Cholesterol plays the important role of
preventing the fatty acid chains of the
phospholipids from sticking together.
Cholesterol Molecule
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Summary Section 2 pages 175-178
Other components of the plasma membrane
Transport proteins allow needed substances or
waste materials to move through the plasma
membrane.
Click image to view movie.
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Section 2 Check
Question 1
Which of the following best describes the
plasma membrane's mechanism in maintaining
homeostasis?
A. protein synthesis
B. selective permeability
C. fluid composition
D. structural protein attachment
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Section 2 Check
The answer is B. Selective permeability is the
process in which the membrane allows some
molecules to pass through, while keeping others
out.
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Section 2 Check
Question 2
Describe the structure of the plasma
membrane.
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Section 2 Check
The plasma membrane is composed of a
phospholipid bilayer, which has two layers of
phospholipids back-to-back. The polar heads of
phospholipid molecules contain phosphate groups
and face outward.
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Section 2 Check
Question 3
Phospholipid molecule
Why is the phosphate group of a
phospholipid important to the plasma membrane?
Polar head (includes phosphate group)
Nonpolar tails (fatty acids)
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Section 2 Check
When phospholipid molecules form a bilayer, the
phosphate groups lie to the outside. Because
phosphate groups are polar, they allow the cell
membrane to interact with its watery (polar)
environments inside and outside the cell.
Phospholipid molecule
Polar head (includes phosphate group)
Nonpolar tails (fatty acids)
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Section 2 Check
Question 4
Explain why the model of the plasma
membrane is called the fluid mosaic model.
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Section 2 Check
It is fluid because the phospholipid molecules
move within the membrane. Proteins in the
membrane that move among the phospholipids create
the mosaic pattern.
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Section 3 Objectives page 179
Section Objectives

• Understand the structure and function of the
  parts of a typical eukaryotic cell.

• Explain the advantages of highly folded
  membranes.

• Compare and contrast the structures of plant
  and animal cells.

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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Cellular Boundaries
The plasma membrane acts as a selectively
permeable membrane.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
The cell wall
The cell wall is a fairly rigid structure located
outside the plasma membrane that provides
additional support and protection.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Nucleus and cell control
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear Envelope
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Assembly, Transport, and Storage
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle
that is suspended in the cytoplasm and is the
site of cellular chemical reactions.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Assembly, Transport, and Storage
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Assembly, Transport, and Storage
Golgi Apparatus
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Vacuoles and storage
Vacuoles are membrane-bound spaces used for
temporary storage of materials. Notice the
difference between vacuoles in plant and animal
cells.
Plant Cell
Vacuole
Animal Cell
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Lysosomes and recycling
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive
enzymes. They digest excess or worn out
organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses
or bacteria.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Energy Transformers
Chloroplasts and energy
Chloroplasts are cell organelles that capture
light energy and produce food to store for a
later time.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Chloroplasts and energy
The chloroplasts belongs to a group of plant
organelles called plastids, which are used for
storage. Chloroplasts contain green pigment
called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll traps light
energy and gives leaves and stems their green
color.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Mitochondria and energy
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in
plant and animal cells that transform energy for
the cell.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Mitochondria and energy
A mitochondria, like the endoplasmic reticulum,
has a highly folded inner membrane. Energy
storing molecules are produced on inner folds.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Structures for Support and Locomotion
Cells have a support structure called the
cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm. The
cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules and
microfilaments. Microtubules are thin, hollow
cylinders made of protein and microfilaments are
thin solid protein fibers.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Cilia and flagella
Some cell surfaces have cilia and flagella, which
are structures that aid in locomotion or feeding.
Cilia and flagella can be distinguished by their
structure and by the nature of their action.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Cilia and flagella
Cilia
Cilia are short, numerous, hair-like projections
that move in a wavelike motion.
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Section 3 Summary page 179-187
Cilia and flagella
Flagella are long projections that move in a
whip-like motion. Flagella and cilia are the
major means of locomotion in unicellular
organisms.
Flagella
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Section 3 Check
Question 1
What is the primary function of the cell
wall?
A. act as selectively permeable membrane
B. provide support
C. control activity of organelles
D. acquire nutrients from environment
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Section 3 Check
The answer is B. The cell wall is an inflexible,
porous barrier that provides support but does not
select which molecules can enter the cell.
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Section 3 Check
Question 2
Describe the control center of a prokaryotic
cell.
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Cell wall
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Section 3 Check
Prokaryotic cells do not have true nuclei their
DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell by
a membrane.
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Cell wall
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Section 3 Check
Question 3
Which of the following structures is the
site of protein synthesis?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Ribosome
C. Vacuole
D. Lysosome
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Section 3 Check
The answer is B. Ribosomes are the sites where
the cell produces proteins according to the
directions of DNA. They can be attached to the
surface of the endoplasmic reticulum or float
freely in the cytoplasm.
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Section 3 Check
Question 4
What is the advantage of having numerous
folds in the ER?
A. It enables the ER to lie snugly against the
nucleolus.
B. It can create more vesicles in a smaller
space.
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Section 3 Check
Question 4
What is the advantage of having numerous
folds in the ER?
C. It can capture more light energy with more
folds.
D. A large amount of work can be done in a
small space.
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Section 3 Check
The answer is D. The ER is arranged in a series
of folded membranes, which, if spread out, would
take up tremendous space.
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Section 3 Check
Question 5
What could you predict about a plant cell
that contains fewer chloroplasts than other plant
cells?
A. It contains less chlorophyll.
B. It contains a greater number of plastids.
C. It will have an increased rate of light
energy capture.
D. It will appear darker green in color.
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Section 3 Check
The answer is A. Chloroplasts are among the plant
organelles known as plastids and contain the
green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll traps
light energy from the Sun and gives leaves and
stems their green color.
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Section 3 Check
Question 6
A mutation results in the inner membranes
of a liver cell's mitochondria being smooth,
rather than folded. Which of the following would
you expect?
A. more efficient storage of cellular energy
B. It can create more vesicles in a
smaller space
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Section 3 Check
Question 6
A mutation results in the inner membranes
of a liver cell's mitochondria being smooth,
rather than folded. Which of the following would
you expect?
C. decreased energy available to the cell
D. fewer ribosomes available for
protein synthesis
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Section 3 Check
The answer is C. Mitochondria transform energy
for the cell. A highly folded inner membrane
provides a greater surface area for producing
energy-storing molecules.
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Chapter Summary Section 1

• Main Ideas
• Microscopes enabled biologists to see cells
  and develop the cell theory.

• The cell theory states that the cell is the
  basic unit of organization, all organisms are
  made up of one or more cells, and all cells
  come from preexisting cells.

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Chapter Summary Section 1

• Main Ideas Continued
• Using electron microscopes, scientists can
  study cell structure in detail.

• Cells are classified as prokaryotic and
  eukaryotic based on whether or not they have
  membrane-bound organelles.

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Chapter Summary Section 2

• Main Ideas
• Through selective permeability, the plasma
  membrane controls what enters and leaves a cell.

• The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma
  membrane as a phospholipid bilayer with
  embedded proteins.

88
Chapter Summary Section 2

• Main Ideas
• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and
  organelles, are enclosed by a plasma
  membrane, and some have a cell wall that
  provides support and protection.
• Cells make proteins on ribosomes that are
  often attached to the highly folded
  endoplasmic reticulum. Cells store materials
  in the Golgi apparatus and vacuoles.

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Chapter Summary Section 3

• Main Ideas Continued
• Mitochondria break down food molecules to
  release energy. Chloroplasts convert light
  energy into chemical energy.

• The cytoskeleton helps maintain cell shape, is
  involved in the movement of organelles and
  cells, and resists stress placed on cells.

90
Chapter Assessment
Question 1
Which of the following is a main idea of the cell
theory?
A. All organisms are composed of one cell.
B. The organelle is the basic unit structure and
organization of organisms.
C. All cells come from two parent cells.
D. All cells come from preexisting cells.
91
Chapter Assessment
The answer is D. The cell theory states that a
cell divides to form two identical cells.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 2
In what type of cell would you find chlorophyll?
A. prokaryote
B. animal
C. plant
D. fungus
93
Chapter Assessment
The answer is C. Chlorophyll is the green pigment
found in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 3
Which of these structures packs proteins into
membrane-bound structures?
95
Chapter Assessment
Answer C depicts the Golgi apparatus, which sorts
proteins and packs them into vesicles.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 4
Cell wall
What is the difference between the cell wall and
the plasma membrane?
Inside cell
Outside cell
Plasma membrane
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Chapter Assessment
The plasma membrane is a flexible boundary
between the cell and its environment that
controls the supply of nutrients, waste, and
other products entering and leaving the cell.
The cell wall is a rigid structure found in plant
cells, fungi, bacteria and some protists that
provides support and protection but does not
select which molecules can enter or leave the
cell.
Cell wall
Inside cell
Outside cell
Plasma membrane
98
Chapter Assessment
Question 5
Which of the following organelles is not bound
by a membrane?
A. ribosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. vacuole
D. lysosome
99
Chapter Assessment
The answer is A. Ribosomes are simple structures
made of RNA and protein and are not bound by
membranes.
Ribosomes
100
Chapter Assessment
Question 6
Cholesterol molecule
Explain the importance of cholesterol to the
plasma membrane.
Phospholipid molecules
101
Chapter Assessment
Cholesterol helps to stabilize the phospholipids
in the plasma membrane by preventing their fatty
acid tails from sticking together.
Cholesterol molecule
Phospholipid molecules
102
Chapter Assessment
Question 7
In which of the following pairs are the terms
related?
A. cell wall selective permeability
B. prokaryote mitochondria
C. microfilaments locomotion
D. plastid storage
103
Chapter Assessment
The answer is D. Plastids are plant organelles
that are used for storage.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 8
Which of the following structures is found in
both plant and animal cells?
A. chloroplast
B. cell wall
C. mitochondrion
D. thylakoid membrane
105
Chapter Assessment
The answer is C. Mitochondria are the organelles
in both plant and animal cells that transform
energy for the cell.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 9
__________ span the entire plasma membrane
and regulate which molecules enter and leave the
cell.
A. Transport proteins
B. Cholesterol molecules
C. Ribosomes
D. Microtubules
107
Chapter Assessment
The answer is A. Transport proteins form the
selectively permeable membrane and move needed
substances or waste materials through the plasma
membrane.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 10
Compare the cytoskeleton of a cell to the
skeleton of the human body.
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Chapter Assessment
The cytoskeleton and skeleton are similar in that
both form a framework. However, the cytoskeleton
is a constantly changing structure with the
ability to be disassembled in one place and
reassembled in another.
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A prokaryotic cell does not have internal
organelles surrounded by a membrane. Most of a
prokaryotes metabolism takes place in the
cytoplasm.
2. DNA
3. Plasma membrane
1. Ribosomes
4. Cell wall
Click here to return to chapter summary
Chapter Assessment
111
This eukaryotic cell from an animal has distinct
membrane-bound organelles that allow different
parts of the cell to perform different functions.
1. Nucleus
2. Nucleolus
3. Chromosomes
4. Plasma membrane
Click here to return to chapter summary
5. Organelles
Chapter Assessment
112
Photo Credits

• Digital Stock
• PhotoDisc
• Alton Biggs

113
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