Wood

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Wood Lumber Basics

• Arch 330
• Fall 2008

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Look at Master Format2004Division 06- Wood,
Plastics and Composites

• Maintenance
• Cleaning, Rehabilitation, Restoration,
  Preservation
• Wood Treatment
• Fire-Retardant Wood Treatment
• Preservation Wood Treatment
• Eradication of Insects in Wood
• Antiseptic Treatment of wood
• Shop Applied Wood Coatings

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Look at Master Format2004Division 06- Wood,
Plastics and Composites

• Rough Carpentry
• Wood Framing
• Structural Panels
• Heavy Timber
• Treated Wood Foundations
• Wood Decking
• Sheathing
• Shop Fabricated Structural Wood (Manufactured
  Wood Products)
• Glued-Laminated Construction

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Look at Master Format2004Division 06- Wood,
Plastics and Composites

• Finish Carpentry
• Millwork
• Pre-finished Paneling
• Architectural Woodwork
• Wood Casework
• Wood Paneling
• Wood Stairs and Railings
• Ornamental Woodwork
• Wood Trim
• Wood Frames
• Structural Plastics and Composites

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Wood Treatment

• Fire Retardant Treatment
• New Issues
• Decay-Insect Resistance
• Pressure treated preservatives (30)yrs.
• Reduces disadvantages does not eliminate them

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The Future

• Renewable Resources
• Old Growth Good
• Alternate Wood Products
• Our own material lab- patents on several
  manufactured products
• SIPs-Structural Insulated Panels

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Disadvantages of Wood Construction

• Can decay, needs care with use, treating or
  coating
• Is flammable needs covering or treating in many
  uses especially in Engineered Wood Products
• Quality and availability have decreased
• Poor insulation characteristics need to
  coordinate with insulation

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Rays
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Wood Lumber Basics

• Trees are divided up into two broad categories
• Hardwoods
• Softwoods
• Please note
• This has nothing to do with the softness or
  hardness of the wood.
• Balsa Wood is actually classified as a hardwood!

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Wood Lumber Basics

• Better to divide wood into two broad categories
  (I.e. Botany Terms)
• - Thus -
• Hardwoods are Angiosperms (apple)
• Seeds on the inside of the fruit and have a
  flower.
• With few exceptions they loose there leaves
• Softwoods are Gymnosperms (Pinecone)
• Seeds are exposed usually in a cone.

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Wood Lumber Basics

• Main Entry angiosperm Pronunciation
  'an-jE--"sprmFunction nounEtymology
  ultimately from New Latin angi- Greek sperma
  seed -- more at SPERM any of a class
  (Angiospermae) or division (Magnoliophyta) of
  vascular plants (as magnolias, grasses, oaks,
  roses, and daisies) that have the ovules and
  seeds enclosed in an ovary, form the embryo and
  endosperm by double fertilization, and typically
  have each flower surrounded by a perianth
  composed of two sets of floral envelopes
  comprising the calyx and corolla -- called also
  flowering plant - angiospermous
  /"an-jE--'spr-ms/ adjective

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• Main Entry gymnosperm Pronunciation
  'jim-n-"sprmFunction nounEtymology
  ultimately from Greek gymnos sperma seed --
  more at SPERM any of a group of vascular plants
  that produce naked seeds not enclosed in an
  ovary, that were formerly considered a class
  (Gymnospermae) of seed plants, but that are now
  considered polyphyletic in origin and divided
  into several extinct divisions and four divisions
  with surviving members typified by the
  cycadophytes, conifers, ginkgo, and ephedras --
  compare ANGIOSPERM

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Wood Lumber Basics

• Moisture content of wood
• Living trees moisture as a percentage of wood
  substance can range from 30 to 200 percent.
• Water in trees exist as water or water vapor in
  the cell lumens (cavities) or bound within the
  cell walls.

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Wood Lumber Basics

• Green wood where the cell walls are completely
  saturated with water.
• However
• Green wood also contains additional water in the
  lumens
• Thus the term Green wood would mean freshly cut
  trees dimensionally stable. As opposed to green
  wood which is term used in grading lumber.

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Wood Lumber Basics

• As we dry wood
• Water leaves the cell lumens (cavities).
• However the cell walls are still saturated
• This is process where water remains in the cell
  walls but not in the cell lumens or cavities.
  This is referred to as the..
• Fiber Saturation Point

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Wood Lumber Basics

• Green condition of lumber is where the lumber
  is dried to a point below the fiber saturation
  point.
• Equilibrium Moisture Content of lumber is where
  the lumber is dried to where the wood is neither
  gaining or losing moisture.
• Once you reach equilibrium moisture content
• (max. moisture content around 30), the wood
  can not take on any more water than the 30.

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Wood Lumber Basics

• Orthotropic Nature of Wood
• Longitudinal (shrinks least)
• Tangential (shrinks most)
• Radial (Shrinks ½ of tangential)
• Thus wood is anisotropic material in that it does
  not shrink equally.
• Anisotropic causes us the most difficulty in
  working with wood in combination as to how the
  wood is milled or cut.
• Foot note Least known by today's craftsperson.

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(½ of tangential)
(Shrinks most)
(Shrinks least)
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Anisotropic
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Milling
Very important for finish work
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Wood Materials I

• Board Foot
• Standard measurement
• Based on Nominal Measurements
• (Remember nominal are not actual measurements)
• Calculations
• (thickness x width) /12 x Length X Number of
  Pieces
• Prices are quoted usually by the bf in thousand
  board feet or M i.e. 456.00 / Mbf .456 bf

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Wood is a multiple use building material

• Structural
• Heavy timber framing
• Light Framing
• Studs, Beams, Columns
• Standard Dimensions 2X4 2X6 etc
• Manufactured Wood Products
• Glue-Laminated Beams
• Wood Trussed Rafters
• Exterior Claddingplywood, sheathing, siding
• Engineered Wood Products

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Heavy Timber Framing

• Wood plank and beam systems
• A timber framed custom home
• Concerns for the future
• Renewable Resources
• Old Growth Good
• Alternate Wood Products
• Our own material lab- patents on several
  manufactured products
• SIPs-Structural Insulated Panels

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Manufactured Wood Products

• Wood products glued and manufactured
• Better Strength
• Better Appearancemore dimensional stable
• More efficient use of wood products
• Can use smaller logs, wood not normally used for
  lumber

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Manufactured Wood Products

• Glue-Laminated Beams
• Wood Trussed Rafters
• Engineered Wood Products
• Exterior Claddingplywood, sheathing, siding

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Glu-Laminated Beams(Glu-Lam)

• Selected pieces of lumber glued together for
  stronger beam
• No seasoning cracking
• Variety of sizeslong lengths possible
• Easy availability
• Variety of grades visual

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Wood Trussed Rafters

• Trusses can be custom fabricated
• Heavy timber or light dimensional lumber
• Truss span large area without intermediate
  support
• Types of trusses
• Fan, scissors, Fink, Prat, etc.

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Manufactured Wood Products

• Manufactured lumber
• Laminated decking
• Veneer thin-cut pieces
• Slicing of veneers
• Rotary
• Plain
• Quarter

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Manufactured Wood Panels

• Exterior Applications-
• Sheathing oriented strand (OSB)(waferboard)
  sheathing
• Siding
• Interior Applications (particleboard)
• Underlayment
• Cabinets Overlay finish

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Plywood

• Layers of veneer adhered together by glue, heat,
  pressure
• Outside plies are face plies or face and back
• Various number of plies 3, 5, 6
• Effect stability and quality
• Structural Plywood
• Stamped, waterproof, exterior use or interior
  protected
• Veneer Grading face and back A,B,C,D-(Ex. CDX)

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Plywood Types

• Structural Plywood
• Sheathing Roof, Wall, Floor- Exterior Glue
• Exterior Use
• Siding, soffit
• Cabinet Work
• Finish Applications

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Sheathing

• Sub-floor
• Underlayment
• Wall Sheathing
• Roofing
• Box Beams

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Engineered Wood Products

• From fast-growing species such as aspen or yellow
  poplar.
• Wood Fiber
• Lightweight
• Minimum Waste
• Compatible
• Engineered Services

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Product Types

• TJI Joist (Wood I)
• TJS Truss (Open Web)
• Timber Strand(LSL)
• Microllam (LVL)
• Parallam (PSL)
• LSL-Laminated Strand Lumber
• LVL-Laminated Veneer Lumber
• PSL-Parallel Strand Lumber

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Wood Materials I

• Wood Panel Products
• Structural Wood Panels
• Three major categories
• Plywood Panels
• Composite Panels Core wood fibers (cabinet
  making)
• Nonveneered Panels
• OSB Oriented Strand Board (best of nonveneers)
• Waferboard
• Particleboard

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Wood Materials I

• Plywood veneer grades ( Composite Panels)
• (Know table and descriptions Table 1 pp. 89)
• Add N grade
• Better than A specialized veneer
• N Best grade of face veneer
• A
• B
• C
• D Worst grade of face veneer

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N
Figure 3.32 3.32 (See handout)
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Figure 3.3