For hundreds of thousands of years before written history, humans made advances in the use of tools, created art, and developed agriculture, which led to a shift from nomadic hunting and gathering patterns of living to more sedentary ways of life.

1
Chapter 1

• For hundreds of thousands of years before
  written history, humans made advances in the use
  of tools, created art, and developed agriculture,
  which led to a shift from nomadic hunting and
  gathering patterns of living to more sedentary
  ways of life.

2
Before Western Civilization

• Out of Africa The Paleolithic Period,
  600,000-10,000 B.C.
• Human beings first evolved in sub-Saharan Africa
• Trade Networks
• Goods and Stories
• Stone Tools
• Cave Art
• Bison (over 10,000 years repeated)
• Ritual Purpose
• Gathering Place of Clans for Trade and Other
  Interactions
• Stone Monuments
• Called Megaliths (Stonehenge) Western England
• 50 Tons, Concentric Circles Semicircles, Show
  Movements of Sun and Moon

3
Before Western Civilization

• The Neolithic Period The First Stirrings of
  Agriculture, 10,000-3000 B.C.
• People learned how to plant and cultivate grains
• Domestic Animals
• Dogs, Goats, Cows, Pigs, Sheep (food), and Horses
• Middle East Plants and Animals
• Highest amount or number of the worlds prized
  grains wheat barley (protein)
• Population Growth
• More clans selling settling same area

4
Before Western Civilization

• Slavery
• Sell children or themselves into slavery
• Born into slavery
• Not racial issue
• New Warfare
• More people to engage
• More rewards for the winners and enslave the
  losers
• Excavations have shown walls
• Greatly feared their neighbors
• Settlement throughout Europe and Asia Minor

5
Chapter 1

• In the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, people developed
  a complex society that made advances in religious
  ideas, political organization, and the use of
  writing.
• Bronze Age
• Sometime after 3000 B.C. learned how
• to smelt metals tools and weapons
• Copper Tin Bronze

6
(No Transcript)
7
Struggling with the Forces of Nature Mesopotamia

• The Development of Writing
• The Mesopotamian cities needed a system of
  keeping records
• The Sumerians developed a system of writing
• Cuneiform
• Scribes imprinted wedge-shaped characters into
  wet clay tablets
• Written Records
• Inventories, wills, contracts, payrolls, property
  transfers, and correspondence between monarchs
• The Epic of Gilgamesh and other myths
• Laws and Justice
• Code of Hammurabi (Laws)
• It regulated everything from family life to
• physicians fees to building requirements

8
Struggling with the Forces of Nature Mesopotamia

• Women and Children
• Many laws tried to protect women and children
  from unfair treatment and limited the authority
  of husbands over their housholds.
• Indo-Europeans New Contributions in the Story
  of the West
• Indo-European Languages
• Linguists analyze similarities in languages
• Fertile Crescent spoke Semitic
• Mounted Warriors
• They rode horses, which they first domesticated
  for riding in about 2000B.C.
• It gave Indo-European warriors the deadly
  advantages of speed, mobility, and reach

9
(No Transcript)
10
Struggling with the Forces of Nature Mesopotamia

• Contributions
• Heavy carts outfitted with four solid wheels, and
  their own written languages
• Hittites (kingdom in Asia Minor Turkey)
• Indo-European group established a kingdom in Asia
  Minor (modern Turkey)

11
(No Transcript)
12
Struggling with the Forces of Nature Mesopotamia

• The Origins of Western Civilization
• Administration
• Priests and Priestesses Provided the Needed
  Organization
• These Leaders Claimed a Percentage of the Land
• Economic Functions (Center of City Life)
• Ziggurats Served as Administrative and Economic
  Centers, Storehouses, Administrative Rooms,
  People Came to Bring Goods and Socialize
• Temple Administrators Organized Irrigation
  Projects Tax Collection
• Life in a Sumerian City
• Trade
• Area Lacked Metal Stone Traded Textiles
  (wool)
• Families

13
(No Transcript)
14
Struggling with the Forces of Nature Mesopotamia

• Womans Work
• Work in Shops, Wine Sellers, Tavern Keepers,
  Prostitutes
• Gods and Goddesses of the River Valley
• Sumerian Pessimism
• Sumerians Only Hope for Happiness Hinged on
  Fickle Dieties Who Cared Little for Humans
• Sargon (King)
• Akkadian Ruler Invaded Sumer in about 2350 B.C.
• Daughter Enheduanna as High Priestess Worked so
  Well That Successor Continued the Practice
• As King Started to Handle Matters Sky Gods
  Became More Important
• Individual Longings
• Story of Gilgamesh and Dealing With Life

15
Chapter 1

• In the Nile Valley, a less unpredictable
  environment than that of the Tigris-Euphrates
  Valley led to the establishment of a more stable
  and optimistic culture than in Mesopotamia.
• Nile Valley
• Mesopotamia Spread Crops
• to Egypt
• River Reliably

16
(No Transcript)
17
Rule of the God-King Ancient Egypt, ca.
3100-1000 B.C.

• Prosperity and Order The Old Kingdom, ca
  2700-2181 B.C.
• Preserving Order
• At the center was the king
• Unlike Mesopotamias which their kings served as
  priests to their gods, Egyptians believed their
  rulers were gods
• Trade
• Mineral Resources
• Copper Ore
• Abundance of Crops
• Trade with Nubia Access to Sub-Saharan Africa
• Gold, Ivory, Ebony, Aromatics, Gems
• Family Life
• Prosperity

18
Rule of the God-King Ancient Egypt, ca.
3100-1000 B.C.

• Hieroglyphs Sacred Writing
• More than a series of pictures each symbol could
  express one of three things
• Object it portrayed, abstract idea associated
  with object, one or more sounds
• Pyramids and the Afterlife
• Scribes
• Carefully tracked the rulers finances
• Afterlife
• A Heavenly Nile
• Burial Rituals
• Embalmed
• Mummy Wrapped Linen Resin
• Stocked Tombs with Items
• Images on Walls

19
(No Transcript)
20
Rule of the God-King Ancient Egypt, ca.
3100-1000 B.C.

• Changing Political Fortunes, ca. 2200-1570 B.C.
• Famine
• As drought in southern Nubia led to a series of
  low floods in Egypt, crops failed, and people
  pillaged the countryside in a desperate search
  for food.
• Middle Kingdom
• Egypt prospered, the kings conquered Nubia and
  grew rich on the gold of that kingdom.
• Egypt Conquered
• The Nubians in the south revolted and broke away
  from Egyptian control.
• In 1650 B.C. the Hyksos rose to power

21
(No Transcript)
22
Rule of the God-King Ancient Egypt, ca.
3100-1000 B.C.

• Political Expansion The New Kingdom, 1570-1085
  B.C.
• Egyptian Empire
• Temple priests began rivaling the pharaohs in
  power, slaves brought to Egypt, introduced new
  languages, views and religions, lives of Egyptian
  soldiers changed for the worse
• Hatshepsut
• Tried to revive Egypts isolationist ways
• Empire Building
• Amenhotep III built huge statues of himself and a
  spacious new temple

23
Rule of the God-King Ancient Egypt, ca.
3100-1000 B.C.

• Religious Experiment of Akhenaten, ca. 1377-1360
• Akhenatens Religion
• Amenhotep IV tried to institute worship of a
  single god whom he called Aten, the sun-disk
• Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten
• The Twilight of the Egyptian Empire, 1360-ca.
  1000 B.C.
• Akhenaten was succeeded by Tutankhaton, who died
  at the age of 18.

24
Chapter 1

• The other peoples made significant contributions
  to Western civilization the Phoenicians
  developed an alphabet the Hebrews turned away
  from the polytheism of other ancient cultures to
  embrace monotheism.

25
(No Transcript)
26
Merchants and Monotheists

• The Phoenicians Traders on the Sea
• Trading Colonies
• Phoenician traveled widely throughout the
  Mediterranean, traded as far west as Spain, and
  into the Atlantic down the west coast of Africa
• They established merchant colonies all along the
  north coast of Africa the most important was
  Carthage
• Phoenician Alphabet
• The Phoenicians most important
• Contribution to Western culture was their
• Alphabet
• A phonetic alphabet of only twenty-two letters

27
Merchants and Monotheists

• The People of the One God Early Hebrew History,
  1500-900 B.C.
• Patriarchs
• The patriarchs - early leaders of the Hebrews
• Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob led seminomadic tribes
  that roamed the eastern Mediterranean
• Hebrew Scriptures
• The history of the Israelites are found in the
  Hebrew Scriptures
• Record laws, wisdom, legends, and literature
• The first five books constitute the Torah

28
Merchants and Monotheists

• Establishing a Kingdom
• Instead of relying solely on tribal leaders,
  people turned to judges
• In time, the elders of the tribes felt they
  needed a king, and the people insisted that
  Samuel anoint their first king Saul
• Dividing a Kingdom
• After Solomons death tribes form the separate
  kingdom of Isreal
• The southern state was called Judah

29
(No Transcript)
30
Chapter 1

• With the spread of iron-forging technology also
  came changes in warfare and the successive
  emergence of three great empires, the Assyrians,
  the Babylonians, and the Persians.

31
Merchants and Monotheists

• A Jealous God, 1300-587 B.C.
• The Covenant
• During 40 years in the wilderness, Moses bound
  his people in a special covenant though which the
  Jews would be Gods chosen people in return for
  their undivided worship.
• Hebrew Laws
• The core of the Hebrew legal tradition lay in the
  Ten Commandments, and adhering to these laws
  defined on as a Jew.
• Prophets
• Amos, Micah, Hosea, Jeremiah, and Isaiah
• They became the conscience of Israel
• Gods Punishments

32
Merchants and Monotheists

• Judaism in Exile
• Hebrew priests had the scriptures preserved so
  that their people would not forget the purity
  laws.
• Second Temple Period
• In 538 B.C. the Persian king, Cyrus, let the
  Jewish exiles return to Jerusalem.
• The Jews built a new temple in 515 B.C. the
  Second Temple period
• Hebrew Contributions
• Believed that God created the world at a specific
  point in time
• Monotheism

33
Terror and Benevolence The Growth of Empires,
1200-500 B.C.

• The Age of Iron
• Iron Age
• In about 1200 B.C. tin was scarce.
• To overcome the tin shortage, Hittite
  metalworkers
• in Asia Minor first began to employ iron.
• Rule by Terror The Assyrians, 911-612 B.C.
• Governing an Empire
• Assyrians built roads to unify their holdings,
  kings appointed governors and tax collectors, and
  facilitated trade by the use of Aramaic as a
  common language

34
Terror and Benevolence The Growth of Empires,
1200-500 B.C.

• Preserving Learning
• The Assyrian king Ashurbanipal collected a huge
  library, and he preserved the best of
  Mesopotamian literature, including The Epic of
  Gilgamesh.
• Fall of Assyrians
• The Assyrians used terror to control their
  far-flung territories.
• Because the empire was so large it overextended
  the Assyrians resources, and the provinces gave
  way quickly.
• Nineveh finally collapsed in 612 B.C. after a
  brutal two-year siege.

35
(No Transcript)
36
Terror and Benevolence The Growth of Empires,
1200-500 B.C.

• Babylonian Rule, 612-539 B.C.
• Culture and Commerce
• Under Nebuchadrezzar, Babylon blossomed into an
  impressive city graced by gardens, palaces, and
  temples.
• Babylonian kings obtained funds through fostering
  the commerce that often guided their military
  policies.
• Astronomy and Mathematics
• Babylonian priests excelled in astronomy and
  mathematics.
• Rule by Tolerance The Persian Empire, ca.
  550-330 B.C.
• Under the king Cyrus the Great the Persians
  expanded westward to establish a larger empire.
• Persians Administration
• Persians required subject peoples to pay
  reasonable taxes and serve in their armies.

37
(No Transcript)
38
Terror and Benevolence The Growth of Empires,
1200-500 B.C.

• Persians Administration (cont.)
• They retained Aramaic as the common language of
  commerce.
• Coins
• Lydians seem to have invented the use of coins in
  the seventh century B.C.
• Zoroastrianism
• Zoroaster founded a new religion that contained
  seeds of many modern belief systems.
• Zoroaster was called to reform Persian religion
  by eliminating polytheism and animal sacrifice.