Week 1 Cont

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Week 1 Contd

• Writing

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Course web addresshttp//anthropology.uwo.ca/fac
ulty/creider/027Teaching AssistantSheena
McKaysmckay3_at_uwo.caOffice Hours Thu 330-530
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To Think About From Previous Lecture

• Language as tool for representation
• Simplification of reality
• Typical focus on actors/undergoers, processes
• Fictional worlds
• Language as tool for communication
• Preservation of cultural knowledge
• Cooperation
• Planning

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Overview

• Spoken written lg -- Part I (historical)
• Technical terms
• History
• Ancient Sumer
• Ancient Egypt
• Cuneiform writing
• Linear B
• Alphabetic writing

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Overview, contd

• Syllabic writing Inuktitut
• Spoken and written lg -- Part II
• orality literacy
• consequences of alphabetic writing
• Spelling

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Spoken Written Lg I

• Primacy of spoken language
• Evolution
• c. 40,000 y.b.p. spoken only
• c. 5,000 y.b.p. written lg first appear
• 1-way relation written represents spoken
• Exception spelling pronunciations

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Technical terms

• petroglyph
• petros stone
• glyphê carving
• pictogram
• iconic relationship to referent
• can be part whole (bed for accomodation)
• ideogram
• sun gt warmth, heat, light, daytime

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Technical terms contd

• logographic writing
• logos word
• graphê writing
• cuneiform writing
• L. cuneus wedge
• syllabic writing
• phonographic writing
• phonê sound

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Technical terms contd

• rebus
• target syllable or word same as source
• using a symbol for its phonetic value
• hieroglyphic writing
• hieros sacred
• diacritic
• ñ, ü, ç, ê
• digraph
• æ, sh, ch, ng

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Technical terms contd

• phonemic principle
• morphophonemic writing
• grapheme
• allograph

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THE PHONEMIC PRINCIPLE(1 sound 1 symbol)

• Violation 1 SAME PRONUNCIATION BUT DIFFERENT
  SPELLINGS (DIFFERENT MEANINGS) cite-sight-site,
  marry-Mary-merry, pair-pare-pear,
  there-their-they're
• Violation 2 SAME SPELLINGS BUT DIFFERENT
  PRONUNCIATIONS (SAME WORD FAMILIES)
  nation-national, serene-serenity, sign-signature,
  go-gone, cone-conic, human-humane-humanity

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A MORPHOPHONEMIC SPELLING SYSTEM

• A morphophonemic spelling system will spell
  different words differently although they are
  pronounced the same their, there, theyre
• A morphophonemic spelling will spell words in the
  same family the same even though they are
  pronounced differently go, gone
• A morphophonemic spelling will spell a particular
  suffix the same regardless of how it is
  pronounced cats, dogs, horses

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Graphology

• Grapheme abstract unit
• Allograph positional variant
• ltsgt
• lt?gt word-finally
• ltsgt elsewhere

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Evolution of writing

• Cuneiform writing
• Linear B
• Alphabetic writing
• hieroglyphic writing
• Egyptian Semitic (2000 BC)
• Sinaitic Semitic (1800 BC)
• Phoenician
• Greek (800 BC)

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(No Transcript)
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John 11 4th c. AD

• ???????????G?C
• ??????G?C??
• ???C???T??????
• T??C?????G?C??
• ??C????????
• ???C???T???

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Word Divisions

• ?? ???? ?? ? ??G?C
• ??? ? ??G?C ??
• ???C ??? T???
• ??? T??C ?? ? ??G?C
• ????C ?? ?? ????
• ???C ??? T???

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Punctuation, accents

• ?? ???? ?? ? ?????
• ?a? ? ????? ??
• p??? t?? ?e??,
• ?a? ?e?? ?? ? ?????.
• ??t?? ?? ?? ????
• p??? t?? ?e??.

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Translation (literal)

• In (the) beginning was the Word
• and the Word was
• with (the) God.
• and God was the Word.
• This (one) was in (the) beginning
• with (the) God.

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Spoken Written Lg, Part II

• Orality
• History self-revising, telescoping
• Knowledge public because spoken
• Poetry
• Literacy pre-alphabetic
• Elitist (Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Egyptian,
  Chinese)
• Alphabetic
• Democratic, egalitarian (end of Greek tyrants)
• Logical, scientific, questioning of myths
• Fragmentism
• If written dont have to read (must listen when
  spoken)
• Specialization of knowledge (everyone doesnt
  know everything)
• Prose (novel portrays interior life)
• Individulaism self/society, alienation possible

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English Spelling

• OUR ENGLISH ALPHABET HAS ONLY 26 LETTERS TO
  REPRESENT 45 DIFFERENT SOUNDSAND SOME OF OUR
  LETTERS (LIKE C, Q, H, AND X) ARENT VERY
  USEFULENGLISH HAS 5 VOWEL LETTERS TO REPRESENT
  13 VOWEL SOUNDSAND WE USE THEM ALL UP FOR OUR
  SHORT VOWELS, AS IN pat, pet, pit, pot, and
  putSO WE DONT HAVE ANY LETTERS LEFT FOR OUR
  LONG VOWELS, AND THE RESULT IS CHAOS

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HOW WE SPELL OUR LONG VOWELS

• A He ate the freight. It was his fate. How
• E The silly amoeba stole the key to the machine.
  or
• Did he believe that Caesar could see the
  people?
• I I write eye-rhyme, like She cited the sight
  of the site.
• O Our chauffeur, although he stubbed his toe,
  yeomanly towed four more boards through the open
  door of the depot.
• U blue, blew, gnu, Hugh, new, Pooh, Sioux,
  through, two

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GHOTI

• What does ghoti spell?
• It spells fish
• the ltghgt of enough
• the ltogt of women
• the lttigt of nation

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British Canadian American
centre centre center
colour colour color
labelled labelled labeled
judgement judgement judgment
cheque cheque check
catalogue catalogue catalog
programme programme program
organise organize organize
analyse analyze analyze
plough plow plow
tyre tire tire
enrolment enrolment enrollment