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The Building Blocks of Life

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Title: The Building Blocks of Life


1
The Building Blocks of Life
  • Organic Molecules
  • Chapter 3

2
What Are Macromolecules?
  • Crash Course Biology Biological Molecules

3
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5
Organic Molecules
  • All organisms are composed of organic molecules
    which contain carbon.
  • Organic molecules are made of smaller units that
    bond to form larger molecules.
  • These bonds result in a variety of important
    organic compounds that can be in the shape of
    straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

6
Organic Molecules
  • Monomers small molecule that can bond or
    chemically combine with other monomers
  • Polymers molecules made from repeating units of
    monomers

7
Organic Molecules
  • Energy is stored in the bonds of organic
    molecules.
  • The amount of energy will vary from molecule to
    molecule, therefore not all organic molecules
    have the same amount of energy available for use.
  • The energy stored in organic molecules determines
    its caloric value.

8
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats and Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids

9
Proteins
  • Made of small chains of amino acids.
  • Amino acids are composed of carbon, hydrogen,
    oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
  • There are 20 different amino acids.
  • Proteins are made of different combinations of
    all 20 different amino acids.
  • A proteins primary structure is determined by
    the number and order of amino acids in a chain.

10
Proteins
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otein-Structure-Analysis.aspx
11
Proteins
  • Make up about 15 of total body mass
  • Involved in nearly every function of your body.
  • Cells contain proteins that provide structural
    support, transport substances, communicate
    signals, speed up chemical reactions, and control
    cell growth.

12
Proteins
  • As a source of energy, proteins have the same
    caloric value per gram as carbohydrates.
  • Proteins can function as a source of energy only
    if there is a shortage of carbohydrates or lipids.

13
Proteins
  • Protein structure is related to its function.
  • Structural Proteins support
  • Transport Proteins transport substances
  • Hormone Proteins coordinate body activities
  • Contractile Proteins help control movement
  • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions

14
Proteins
  • Storage albumin (egg white)
  • Transport hemoglobin
  • Regulatory hormones
  • Movement muscles
  • Structural membranes, hair, nails
  • Enzymes cellular reactions

15
Carbohydrates
  • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • Sugars and starches.
  • Basic carbohydrates are monosaccharides (simple
    sugars).
  • Monosaccharides can be linked to form
    disaccharides which can then be linked to form
    polysaccharides.
  • Ex) Glucose, Sucrose, Glycogen

16
Carbohydrates
Glucose
Sucrose
Glycogen
17
Carbohydrates
  • Main energy source for the cell.
  • The caloric value of carbohydrates is dependent
    on the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds.
  • Cellulose in plants is used as a structural
    material.

18
Lipids
  • Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen.
  • Fats, oils, and waxes.
  • Composed of fatty acids, glycerol, and other
    components.
  • Saturated fatty acid tails contain single bonds
    between carbon atoms (bad)
  • Unsaturated fatty acid tails have at least one
    double bond between carbon atoms (good)

19
Lipids
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jpg.html
20
Lipids
  • Triglycerides fat if solid at room temperature
    and oil is liquid at room temperature
  • Phospholipids structure and function of cell
    membrane
  • Steroids cholesterol and hormones

21
Lipids
  • Primary function is to store energy.
  • Important when carbohydrates are scarce.
  • Fats contain more energy per gram than
    carbohydrates and proteins therefore they have a
    greater caloric value.
  • Provide long-term energy storage, cushion vital
    organs, and insulation for the body.
  • Major component of cell membranes.

22
Nucleic Acids
  • Complex macromolecules that store and transmit
    genetic information.
  • Made of smaller repeating subunits called
    nucleotides.
  • Composed of carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, and
    hydrogen.
  • Examples DNA and RNA

23
Nucleic Acids
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