The Use of GIS and Handheld GPS Integration for the Preparation of Quick Plans

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The Use of GIS and Handheld GPS Integration for
the Preparation of Quick Plans

• Can AydaySatellite and Space Sciences Research
  InstituteAnadolu UniversityEskisehir-TURKEY
  email cayday_at_anadolu.edu.tr
• Erman AydayElectrical and Electronic Engineering
  DepartmentMiddle East Technical
  UniversityAnkara-TURKEY email
  e124386_at_metu.edu.tr

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Contents

• GIS and GPS Integration
• Definition of GIS
• Definition of GPS
• Methodology
• The aim of the study
• Studied Areas
• Equipment, Software and Data Collection
• Preparation of Maps and Plans
• Preparation of quick GIS map of touristic area
• Preparation of quick GIS map of industrial area
• Results and Recommendations

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GIS and GPS Integration
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Definition of GIS

• The glossary of GIS books generally describes the
  GIS as An organized collection of computer
  hardware, software, geographic data, and
  personnel designed to efficiently capture, store,
  update, manipulate, analyze, and display all
  forms of geographically referenced information.
• Every interested person can find different GIS
  definitions which might be useful for their
  purpose.
• Each data for GIS must have geographic reference
  value and identify the location of it on the
  ground.

5
cont.

• Many users have been using computers for
  manipulation of spatial data since 1960s.
• During the 1980s, advances in computer hardware,
  particularly processing speed and data storage,
  catalyzed the development of GIS software for
  handling spatial data.
• GIS is filling a very real need in the face of
  the rapid growth of digital spatial data in a
  wide application fields, from social to technical
  studies.

6
cont.

• Data capture and storage is the most vital
  component of GIS.
• Collect and capture data from many different
  sources
• Especially by using GPS technology,
• Aerial photographs,
• Scanned maps,
• Conventional surveys,
• Digitized maps,
• By remote sensing technology

7
cont.

• The GIS manager can organize this data and assign
  different layer names and define different
  feature classes.
• GIS combines layers of information about a place
  to give you a better understanding of that place.
  
• One of the main benefits of GIS is improved
  management of your organization and resources.

8
cont.
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Definition of GPS

• All navigators including Magellan, Marco Polo and
  Piri Reis (who is known as very famous old
  Turkish sailor) had tried to find their positions
  more quickly and accurately.
• The most important way for the navigation whether
  it is for land or sea, is getting information
  about the location and finding the best route
  between the target and the destination.
• Today with the help of GPS this problem was
  solved.
• Today Global Positioning System (GPS) is known
  the most advanced technology in the navigation
  technology.

10
cont.

• GPS is also defined as an aerospace technology
  that uses satellites and ground receiver to
  determine position anywhere on the earth.
• Many years ago walking pace and some famous
  natural indicators, landmarks were used to find
  locations.
• In the 19th century the sextant is used for
  accurate position definition by measuring height
  of stars, sun and planets.

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cont.

• In recent years the availability of global
  positioning system technology has permitted
  convenient, inexpensive, and accurate measurement
  of absolute location.
• GPS, another increasing useful form of GIS
  technology, was initially developed by the U.S.
  military but now is widely used for both military
  and civilian applications around the world, often
  in conjuction with GIS.
• Global Positioning System (GPS) refers to the
  group of 24 geosynchronous satellites owned and
  maintained by the U.S. Department of Defense
  (USDoD).

12
cont.

• The first GPS satellite put into orbit in 1978,
  then second generation satellites was launched in
  1989. The GPS system became fully operated in
  1995.

GPS Satellite
GPS Constellation
13
... cont.

• These GPS satellites have been launched on six
  different orbits around the world, and each orbit
  has four satellites.
• The altitude of the satellites orbit is 20.200
  kms and each satellite revolves in every 12 hours
  at this altitude.
• Each satellite with atomic clocks in it and each
  satellite transmits a unique signal that is
  received by a GPS receiver on earth.
• A high precision quartz clock in a GPS receiver
  is calibrated to a satellites atomic clock via
  information imbedded in the GPS signal.

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... cont.

• Each GPS receiver on the earth generates the same
  code at the same time as satellite, this property
  which GPS has the ability to measure the time
  difference between the signals transmitted and
  received.
• It is known that these radio signals travel at a
  constant speed, 299,460 km/s in the atmosphere.
• So, it is possible to locate the precise location
  of the standing point with the GPS, for the
  intersection of four spheres with the known
  distance between GPS receivers and GPS satellites
  as radii.

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... cont.
Dash lines, actual intersection points, Buffer
zone, area of uncertainty, Due to no atomic clock
in the receiver
Solid lines indicates where the GPS receiver are
located on the spheres. Because of the errors in
the receivers internal clock, the spheres do not
intersect at one point.
Determining Position
The GPS receiver must change the size of the
spheres until the intersection point is
determined.
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... cont.

• Theoretically a minimum of four distance
  measurements is needed to find the precise X, Y
  and even Z location of the given point on the
  ground.
• It is possible to see at least four satellites on
  the ground at any time.
• At least 3 satellites are needed for
  2-dimensional horizontal navigation.
• At least 4 satellites are needed for altitude
  (elevation) measurements.
• In the old days 95 of all positions were
  accurate to within 25-100 meters.
• Nowadays, civilian users can expect 15 meters of
  horizontal accuracy or better 95 of the time.

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... cont.

• Some new advanced systems in GPS, Wide Area
  Augmentation System (WAAS) have the ability to
  pick up correction signals and reduce the
  position error up to a couple of meters.
• Differential GPS can produce 1-2 cm of horizontal
  accuracy for property and cadastral surveys.
• In spite of the fact that all systems depend on
  high or low positional accuracy, all these data
  are used for mapping and GIS data collection
  applications.
• GPS can be used as a data capture tool for
  features, attributes and attribute values in GIS
  environment.

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Methodology
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Aim of the study

• Nowadays the data from cheap GPSs can be used to
  make plans and maps and the GPS data can be
  converted into the GIS environment more easily.
• GIS and GPS integration systems have some useful
  applications for the rapid preparation of plans
  and maps of small areas.
• The main aim of the study is try to explain
  GIS-GPS integrated systems and apply this
  methodology for two different aplication fields.

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Studied Areas

• Two different areas were selected as the studied
  areas.
• One of the areas belongs to industrial area and
  the other belongs to touristic area according to
  land use classification.
• Industrial area of Eskisehir, which is located in
  the middle of Anatolia was selected as for the
  preparation of quick GIS map of industrial area,
  
• The second area, Gundogan, located in the north
  part of Bodrum is selected for the preparation of
  quick GIS map of touristic area.

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Location maps of the studied areas
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Aerial photos of the industrial area of Eskisehir
from S to N
from W to E
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General view of Gundogan touristic area
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Equipment, Software and Data Collection

• The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an
  essential tool for GIS users,
• Low cost, Magellan 315 type handheld GPS is used
  for collecting GPS data,
• There is a wide variety of free and low cost
  software packages on the market which allows data
  communications between GPS receivers and your
  computer, including full data editing and storage
  options.

Handheld GPS used for this study
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... cont.

• GPS TrackMaker is one of them and it is used in
  this study.
• GeoMedia Pro. 4.0 is used for GIS software in
  this study.
• More than 50 waypoints were collected at the
  Gundogan touristical area.
• The UTM coordinates of the waypoints were
  recorded in the GPS and the attributes of the
  hotel, restraurant and private site were obtained
  at the same time.
• More than 100 waypoints were collected in the
  industrial Area of Eskisehir.
• Factories and common utility buildings were
  selected as feature class.

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Preparation of Maps and Plans
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Preparation of quick GIS map of touristic area

• The waypoints which define the feature classes
  were collected for industrial and touristic
  areas,
• Registered Landsat ETM satellite image was used
  as background for Gundogan touristic area,
• Hotel classes and restaurant types were selected
  as attributes for tourist site,
• All the collected waypoints were imported in the
  GIS GeoMedia Pro software and it is seen that
  there is a good match between the collected GPS
  waypoints and registered satellite image,
• Non-graphic data which are the attributes of the
  touristic places were prepared in a simple
  database environment and jointed with the graphic
  objects.

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Collected waypoints of touristic locations as
feature classes on the satellite image of Bodrum
region
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GIS based map of the studied area by using GPS
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Selected feature class (hotels) from the GIS
based map
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Attribute query according to the name of the
hotel (Hotel Baia)
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Attribute query for the Galimera Restaurant
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Attribute query according to the name of the
hotel (Hotel Catamaran)
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Selection of common place (mosque) by using
attribute query
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Selection of common place (beach) by using
attribute query
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Preparation of quick GIS map of industrial area

• Types and categories of factories are selected as
  the main attributes for industrial site,
• Aerial photograph and satellite images were
  registered to the UTM coordinates before
  overlapping operation,
• The waypoints which were collected from the
  industrial area were overlapped on the aerial
  photograph and satellite images,
• At the end of these two applications it is seen
  that, good match was reached between the
  background registered images and the collected
  GPS data,
• Non-graphic data which are the attributes of the
  factories were prepared in a simple database
  environment and jointed with the graphic objects.
  

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Collected waypoints as feature classes from
industrial area on the satellite image
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GIS based map of the industrial area by using GPS
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Selected category (food indst.) of feature class
(firm) from the GIS based map (aerial photo is
used as registered background)
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Selection of administrative and common places by
attribute query
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Attribute query of the selected food industry
(Yasin Cakir Flour Factory)
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Attribute query of the selected food industry
(Eti Biscuit and Craker Factory)
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Different direction views of the selected junction
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Query result link between map and data windows
(Kilicoglu Tile and Brick Factory)
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Query result link between map and data windows
(Clothes factories)
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Results and Recommendations
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• At the end of these studies it is seen that, the
  collected waypoints by using handheld GPS
  receiver can be used easily for rapid data
  collection,
• These data have the ability to transfer rapidly
  from the GPS environment to the GIS environment,
• The maps and plans which are obtained by using
  handheld GPS and GIS softwares can be used
  effectively for getting information, querying and
  analysing the feature classes.
• Maps are used by the municipalities of these
  touristic places for giving information to the
  tourists and for planning and also for the
  interested person to find the factories which he
  is interested in.