Motivation and Emotion

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Motivation and Emotion

• McElhaney

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AP Outline

• VIII. Motivation and Emotion (79)
• Biological Bases
• Theories of Motivation
• Instinct, Drive Reduction, Optimal Arousal,
  Incentive Theories
• Hunger- Eating Disorders Thirst, Sex, Social
  Cultural Factors, Sexual Orientation and Pain
• Social Motives, Achievement Motivation,
• Theories of Emotion, James-Lange Theory,
  Cannon-Cognitive Theory Characteristics, Biology
  of Emotion, Emotional Expressions
• Stress

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Basics of Motivation

• There are links between motives and emotions
• Basic motives- Hunger-thirst are monitored within
  the brain
• Activities/motives are related to needs for
  stimulation and to maintain arousal

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Definition of Motivation

• The factors that influence? initiation,
  direction, intensity persistence of behavior
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• Why do we do what we do?
• Behavior is based partly on the desire to feel
  certain emotions.
• How is motivation exemplified by Hunger, sexual
  desire and Need for Achievement?
• Motivation ? effects emotion example- hunger and
  irritibility

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Motive

• A reason or purpose that provides a single
  explanation for diverse behaviors.
• Some psychologists think of motivation as an
  intervening variable-
• Intervening variable is something that is used to
  explain the relationship between environmental
  stimuli and behavioral responses.

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4 Categories of Motivation

• Biological Factors- Autonomic Nervous System
• Emotional Factors- panic, fear, anger, love,
  hatred
• Cognitive Factors- perceptions, beliefs,
  expectations
• Social Factors other people, influence from
  parents, friends, teachers, TV, SiblingsFactors-

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Theories of Motivation (web)

• Instinct- (see one page overview)
• Drive Reduction-
• Optimal Arousal-
• Incentive-

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Basic Model of Motivation

• Dynamics of behavior in the way actions are
• Initiated
• Sustained
• Directed
• Terminated

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Example of Food Seeking

• Initiated by bodily need
• Search was sustained
• Action directed by possible sources
• Terminated by attained goal

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The Model (Motives)

• Motivational Activities- begin with needs
• Need is an internal deficiency
• Needs cause -? Drive energized state that
  facilitates a need
• Drives --?activate a response an action or
  series of actions to attain a goal
• Goals are targets of motivational behavior

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Difference between Needs and Drives

• Needs are stronger than drives
• Drives fluctuate in strength

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External Stimuli

• Motivated behavior can be energized by the pull
  of External Stimuli
• And push of internal needs

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Action is a Mix

• Internal needs and External Incentives
• (types of conflicts are associated)
• Incentive value of goals helps us understand
  motives that dont come from internal needs
• Example success status-approval

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Types of Motives 3 Categories

• Primary-(innate)
• Based on biological needs
• Must be met for survival
• Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance
• Air, sleep
• Elimination of waste

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2. Stimulus Motives (not necessarily for survival)

• Need for stimulation
• Need for information
• Activity
• Curiosity
• Exploration
• Manipulation
• Physical contact

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Motive 2- Stimulus

• Not necessary for survival
• Stimulus Drives reflect need for
• Need for stimulation
• Need for information
• Activity curiosity
• Exploration- manipulation
• Physical contact
• Sensory input

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3. Secondary Motives (learned motives)

• Learned needs or drives and goals
• Making music
• Competing
• Learned needs for power
• For affiliation
• Status
• Security
• Approval
• Achievement
• Fear Aggression are learned

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Arousal Theory

• Says ideal levels of activation exist for various
  activities
• Arousal refers to activation of body nervous
  system
• Zero_at_death.com no arousaldeath
• Low during sleep or boredom
• Moderate during daily activities
• High at times of excitement, emotion, panic, fear
  and anxiety

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Levels of Arousal

• We perform best when we have a Moderate level of
  Arousal
• Not too passive/not too anxiousPerformance

• Inverted U Function
• Says at low levels of arousaldecrease
  performance
• More arousal improved performance

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Levels of Arousal 2

• Ideal level arousal depends on complexity of the
  task
• Simple tasks--?Best for arousal to be high
• Complex tasks ? best for low/moderate arousal

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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Sensation Seekers

• People learn to seek particular levels of arousal
• Sensation seeking scale Thrill adventure
  seeking
• Experience seeking
• Disinhibition
• Boredom Susceptibility

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Motive 3-Secondary Motives

• Learned motives
• Learned needs or drives and goals
• Making musicCompeting
• Learned need for
• Power
• Affiliation
• Status
• Security
• Approval
• Achievement
• Fear aggression are learned

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Primary Motive is Homeostasis

• Biological needs- direct much of our behavior
• Are used to maintain body balance Homeostasis
• Hunger (motive) is a regular cycle each day
• Good example of how internal and external factors
  direct behavior
• Liver affects hunger

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Hunger 2

• Stomach size some indication of hunger
• Glucose- level in blood and
• hypoglycemia low blood sugar level
• Feeling of hunger causes stomach contractions
• Liver sends nerves signal to brain ? desire to eat

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Primary Motives Continued

• Thirst, Sex, and pain avoidance
• Thirst 2 kinds
• Extra-cellular thirst- when water is lost from
  fluids surrounding cells
• Bleeding, vomiting, sweating, drinking alcohol
• Intra-cellular thirst
• Salt level
• Draws fluid out of cells

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Pain-

• Drive to avoid painepisodic
• Takes place at certain episodes when body is or
  is about to be damaged
• Prompts us to avoid pain
• Pain tolerance- is learned- raise of lower
  tolerance

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Brian Mechanisms

• There are many parts of brain associated with
  motivation

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Hypothalamus

• does regulate motivation and emotion
• Thirst, hunger, sexual behavior
• Is sensitive to sugar in the blood
• Receives neural messages from liver and stomach
• One part signals hunger feeding system
• Which initiates eating

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Hypothalamus 2

• Lateral hypothalamus- (hunger feelings)
• When electrified causes animals to eat
• If destroyed no eating

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Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus

• Part of Hypothalamus relates directly to Satiety
  (fullness) feelings stop mechanism
• If destroyed overeating
• (Bottom medium part of the hypothalamus)
• Marijuana-Mary-Jane causes a hypothalamic
  response Munchies

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Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus

• Affects hunger helps keep blood sugar level
  steady
• Both- starts and stops eating
• Sensitive to Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
• Large amount hunger

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Glucagon -Like Peptide 1 (GLP1)

• Causes eating to cease
• Released by intestines
• After eating a meal
• In blood then to brain
• 10 minutes after eating- (eat slow eat less)

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Set Point- Thermostat

• When fat levels rise
• Leptin- Fat cells release-?tells brain to stop
  eating.
• The body is homeostatic when we are at the set
  point and then it is activated to reach the set
  point when we fall below.

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Taste Aversion

• Associated with nausea
• Classical conditioning
• Biological tendency- associate food with sickness
  
• Protective

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Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa
• Adolescent Females lt5-10 malegt
• Severe Dieting
• Compulsive attempt to lose weight
• Do not seek or desire food
• 1 in 20 die of malnutrition

• Bulimia Nervosa
• Gorge on food then vomit
• Take laxatives to avoid weight gain

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Causes of Bulimia Anorexia

• Women dissatisfied with bodies
• Distorted view of themselves
• They think theyre fat, exaggerated fears of
  becoming fat.
• Distorted Messages from media
• Compulsion- comparing to models
• Distorted body image
• Perfect daughter control issues
• Shame, guilt, self contempt, anxiety

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Treatment of Eating Disorders

• Medical diet
• Behavioral Counseling- self monitoring of food
  intake
• Extinction training (to end the learned behavior)
  urge to vomit
• Cognitive approach-
• Change the thinking patterns belief system
  about weight body image
• Usually people need outside support and urging
  from family

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Sex Drive

• Sex Drive ones motivation to engage in sexual
  behavior
• Mammals- female-hormone- Estrus Heat
• Caused by Estrogen

• Male animals
• Ready to mate
• sex drive aroused by behavior sent of
  receptive female

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Human Sex Drive

• Non-Homeostatic- it works independent of bodily
  need
• Sex drive in men is related to ?amount of
  Androgens male hormone
• Produced by testes
• (puberty- increases supply of androgens)

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Women Sex Drive

• Produce Androgens? causes increase in sex drive

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Human Sex Drive

• Human sex Drive can be aroused at anytime
• Sexual activity- does not prevent sexual desire
• Sex drive can be aroused Reduced
• The Coolidge Effect
• Male sex drive can be aroused repeatedly with new
  sexual partners.

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Circadian Rhythms

• Internal Biological Clocks
• 24 hour cycle
• Guide Body Activity
• Liver
• Kidney
• Blood Pressure
• Endocrine Glands

Peak During Day Adrenaline is 3-5x higher
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Test Anxiety Pg 445
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Learned Motives

• We learn to pursue excellence
• Reinforcers-
• Praise money, success--?affect goals and desires

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Opponent Process Theory

• Richard Solomon (1980)
• Explains learned motives
• Example drug addiction
• If a stimulus causes a strong emotion ltFear or
  Pleasuregt an opposite emotion tends to occur when
  stimulus ends
• Stimulus of pain Pain ends ?relief

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Opponent Process Theory 2

• Pleasure Drug use end of drug use
• Pleasure ends craving discomfort develops
• In love feel good when lover is present
• Take away lover discomfort when they are not
  there
• If stimulus is repeated- our response is
  habituated (gets weaker)
• Emotional after affects get stronger with
  repetition (example- depression when drug use
  ends)

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Social Motives

• Success, money, possessions, status, love,
  approval, grades, power
• Acquired through conditioning socialization
• Due to learned needs

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Need For Achievement (nAch)

• A desire to meet an internal standard of
  excellence
• People strive to do well- in any situation which
  evaluation takes place
• People for high need for achievement enjoy
  challenges chances to test abilities

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Need For Achievement (NACH)

• Mclelland- could predict behavior of high and low
  achievers.
• Characteristics of
• People with high (nAch) dont seek goals that are
  too easy
• Avoid goals that are too risky
• Complete difficult tasks to get grades
• Excel in occupations
• Work harder when they dont do well

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Achievers- Key To Success

• Benjamin Bloom
• Identified via a study
• Found ? drive and determination success

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Achievers- Parents Support Success in Children

• Parents expose children to music, swimming,
  science, (ideas for fun) (Stimulating
  environment more synapses)
• Talent is nurtured by dedication hard work
• Support childs special interest
• Emphasize doing ones best at all times
• Coaching and encouraging practice

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Achievers- Self Confidencepeople believe they
can reach a goal

• Set goals that are specific and challenging but
  attainable
• Visualize the steps you need to reach your goal
• Advance with small steps
• Get expert instruction

• Find skilled models to emulate
• Get support encouragement
• If you fail- regard it as a sign you need to try
  harder

Self Confidence affects Motivation--- Duh
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Abraham Maslow
Described a Hierarchy of Human needs
Self actualizing Full use of personal potential
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• Base of Pyramid Necessary for survival
• Pre-potent Dominant over higher needs
• Deficiency Motives- Activated by a lack of
  food, water, security, love, esteem, or other
  basic need.

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• Growth needs-
• Positive- life enhancing for personal growth.
• Meta needs-
• Higher needs, Tendency for self-actualization

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Meta Needs

• We tend to move up to Meta needs
• A person who meets survival needs then moves to
  meta needs if these are unfulfilled
• They are in a Syndrome of Decay
• Characterized by despair, apathy, and Alienation

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• Syndrome of decay- when we cannot reach our
  higher other needs
• Most people are concerned with esteem, love,
  security, but they dont get much past that.

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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motives

• Intrinsic motivation- we act without any obvious
  external rewards. You are motivated on your own
  part. high achievers
• Extrinsic- external rewards enhance motivation-
  ex money, grades, approval

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Creativity Motivation

• Creativity is enhanced by personal interest and
  freedom of choice. Killed when you are limited
  (surveillance, rules, conforming)
• Working to get money not being creative

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Children and intrinsic motivation

• If basic skill is lacking, extrinsic activity can
  help develop intrinsic motivation.

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Basics of Emotion

• Emotions help us to adapt to environment
• physiological arousal
• Emotional Knowledge self awareness
• Empathy
• Can manage feelings
• We can use emotions
• Romantic love is in this chapter

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Emotions

• Help and can cause problems- hate, anger, fear
• Disrupts behavior and damages relationships
• Physiological- bodily responses
• Posture, tone, facial expressions, body language
  emotional outward expressions

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Sympathetic nervous system

• ANS responses to emotion. Sympathetic activates
  emotion, arousal, fight or flight
• Parasympathetic- opposite. Slows down the
  reaction and conserves energy.

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Plutchik

• Plutchiks 8 primary emotions
• Fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger,
  anticipation, joy, and trust/ acceptance
• They fluctuate in intensity and can be mixed and
  yield to another emotion (hybrid emotion)
• Moods are tied to circadian rhythms.

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Brain and Emotion

• Positive emotion left hemisphere.
• Negative emotion right hemisphere.
• Some emotional processing cerebral cortex
• Amygdala fear

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Facial Expressions
Expressing Emotions Psychologists believe that
emotional expressions evolved to communicate our
feelings to others which aids survival People
more sensitive to angry, scheming thinking,
faces Basic Facial expressions seem to be
universal
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Cultural Differences in Emotion

• Asian cultures- group harmony is important
• -? Anger is not a public emotion
• America and Western Europe Anger is common
• ?reflects values of independence rights
• justice

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