JPN494: Japanese Language and Linguistics JPN543: Advanced Japanese Language and Linguistics

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JPN494 Japanese Language and LinguisticsJPN543
Advanced Japanese Language and Linguistics

• Morphology (2)

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Taxonomy of morphemes (1)

• bases
• affixes
• derivational affixes
• inflectional affixes
• A base tends to be longer/more concrete in
  meaning than an affix.
• A derivational affix is often responsible for
  determining the syntactic category (e.g.
  strict-ness, out-wit).
• Inflection is more systematic than derivation
  inflectional affixes encode abstract,
  grammatical functions (tense, number, polarity,
  etc.)

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Taxonomy of morphemes (2)

• free morphemes ( independent bases)
• bound morphemes
• bound bases
• clitics
• affixes

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Taxonomy of words

• simple word
• complex word
• base base (compound)
• base affix (affixed word)
• The meaning of a compound tends to be less
  predictable than that of an affixed word.
  (predictability/systematicity compounding lt
  derivation lt inflection)

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• Derivational affixes differ in their
  productivity/predictability. (Some of them are
  fossilized)
• E.g., -? is more productive than -?
• ?? vs. ??
• ??? vs. ???
• ????? vs. ?????
• ?? vs. ??
• ?? vs. ??
• ?? vs. ??

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Zero derivation from the gerund form of a verb to
a noun (?? ????)

• ?? (???), ?? (??), ???? (?????) (action)
• ?? (????), ?? (???), ?? (???) (content)
• ?? (???), ?? (???), ?? (???) (kind/degree)
• ?? (???), ?? (???), ?? (???) (object)
• ?? (???), ??? (???), ??? (????) (person)
• ???, ???, ?? (???) (instrument)
• ?? (???), ?? (??), ??? (???) (time)
• ?? (???), ???? (????), ?? (???) (place)
• cf. kicking, clipping, upbringing, setting

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Inflectional affixes in Japanese?

• The so-called auxiliary verbs (???) there are
  opposing views.
• Affixes
• tense tabe-ru, tabe-ta hanas-u, hanas-ita
• causative tabe-sase-ru hanas-ase-ru
• passive tabe-rare-ru hanas-are-ru
• potential tabe-(ra)re-ru hanas-e-ru
• volitional tabe-yoo hanas-oo
• imperative tabe-ro, tabe-runa hanas-e,
  hana-suna
• negative tabe-na-i, tabe-nakat-ta hanas-ana-i,
  hanas-anakat-ta
• desiderative tabe-ta-i, hanas-ita-i
• gerund tabe-f(-te), hanas-i(-te)
• conditional tabe-reba, tabe-tara hanas-eba,
  hanas-itara

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Orders of affixes

• root (base) -
• f, causative -
• f, passive -
• f, potential, desiderative -
• f, polite -
• f, negative -
• tense, imperative, volitional, gerund,
  conditional
• ??? tabe-ro
• ??????? tabe-rare-mas-ita
• ?????????? tabe-sase-rare-nakat-ta

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• Auxiliary verbs (type 1)
• aspect tabe-te-i-ru
• benefactive tabe-te-yar-u, tabe-te-kure-u
• ????????????
• (he couldnt be letting him eat)

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• Auxiliary verbs (type 2)
• ?? tabe-ta-noda
• ??? tabe-ta-yooda
• ??? tabe-ta-wakeda
• ??? tabe-ta-sooda
• ??? tabe-ta-rasi-i
• ??? tabe-ta-daroo
• Type 2 auxiliary verbs (except for ???) have
  their own past tense forms (????, ?????, ?????,
  ?????, ?????), and polite forms (???, ????, ????,
  ????, ?????, ????), etc.
• ?????, ?????
• ?????????????????
• (It seems that he couldnt be letting him eat)

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???? (???????)

• ?????????????
• hanasa (mizen form) reru (the shuushi form of
  the aux. verb reru)
• hanasi (renyoo form) ta (the shuushi form of
  the aux. verb ta)
• hanasa (renyoo form) re (renyoo form) ta
  (shuushi form)

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Vocabulary (Lexicon) in Japanese

• Vocabulary (Lexicon) the collection of all
  words/morphemes in a given language.
• How many words are there in Japanese/English?
• OED 600,000 words
• Pinker (1999) A typical American high school
  graduate knows about 60,000 words.
• Kato et al. (1989) 10,000/26,000/40,000 words at
  the age of 9/12/15 (Japanese).
• A survey based on newspapers in 1966 38,395
  words
• ???????1? 10,000
• ????????1? 10,00015,000

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• Classification of words based on their origin
• ?? (??) ??? (????) native words
• ?? (???) Sino-Japanese words
• ?? (???) foreign words
• The term ??? (????? loan word) typically refers
  to ?? (but sometimes subsumes ?? ??)

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• ??? (????? hybrid words) are compound words made
  of words belonging to different classes
• ?? ??? (?????), ???? (??) (unregistered seal)
• ?? ?? (????) ???, ?? (?????)
• ?? ? (??) ??, ? (??) ???
• ?? ??? (??), ???? (??)
• ?? ?? (????) ????, ?? (???)????
• ?? ???? (??), ???? (?) (towel texture)

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• ???? (??????)
• coined or assigned a new meaning in Japanese
• -?, -?, -? (??? ?????, ??? ??????, ??? ?????)
• ?? (??) ?? (???), ?? (?????), ?? (????), ??
  (????), ?? (????), ?? (???), ?? (????), ?? (????)
• Many of them are re-imported to Chinese.

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• ???? (????)
• ????????, ?????, ?????, ????????, ???????,
  ???????, ????????, ?????, ??????, ??????, ?????
  (sweat shirt), ????, ??????, ???? (steering
  wheel), ?????, ?????, ???????, ?????, ?????,
  ???????, ????????, ??????, ???? (punk,
  delinquent)
• ??????, ??????, ??????????
• ???, ???

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• A survey based on texts in magazines in 1966
  (type frequency)
• ?? 36.7
• ?? 47.5
• ?? 9.8
• ??? 6.0
• The use of ?? is less frequent in speech (13
  40 (?)).

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http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language
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• native words only
• 5th century onward influx of ??
• 16-17th centuries borrowings from
  Portuguese/Dutch/Spanish
• P ????, ??, ?????, ???(?) , ??? (??) , ??? (???)
• D ???, ??, ????, ??? (??), ???, ???, ???
• S ???? (knit-wear), ????, ????

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• 19th century onward borrowings from English,
  French, German, etc.
• ?????, ??(???), ???, ?????, ????, ???, ?????,
  ????, ??(???)
• ?????, ???, ??, ????, ????, ???, ???, ?????,
  ??????

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Nuance/connatation and word classes

• Native lt Sino-Japanese lt Foreign (?)
• ???, ?? (???), ????
• ???, ?? (????), ???
• ?? vs. ????

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Morphological characteristics of ??

• ??? the pronunciation associated with a kanji as
  it is used in the spelling of a Sino-Japanese
  word
• ??? the pronunciation associated with a kanji as
  it is used in the spelling of a native word
• ? (????)
• ? (??)
• ? (???) ?

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Varieties of ???

• ?? ??? (5-6 c)
• ?? (?????) ?? (????) ?? (????) ?? (???)
  ?? (???)
• ?? ???? (7-8 c)
• ?? (????) ?? (????) ?? (????) ?? (???) ??
  (???)
• ?? ???? (11c )
• ? (??) ?? (????) ?? (??) ?? (???) ??(????)
  ??(????) ??( ???)
• ??? ?????? (unclassifiable)
• ? (??) (???)
• http//www.bunkaken.net/index.files/arakaruto/goon
  .html

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• ??? (??????)
• ?? ????? vs. ??, ???
• ?? ???? (nowadays) vs. ??? (today)
• ?? ???? (a day) vs. ???? (the first day of the
  month)
• ?? (rainy season) ??? vs. ??
• ?? ???
• ?? ???
• ?? ???
• ?? ???

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• ??? (???)
• ???? (????)
• ??? (???)
• ??? (????)
• ??? (????)
• ?? (????)
• ??? (????)
• ??? (???)
• ??? (?????)

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Sino-Japanese Compounds (??)

• Most Sino-Japanese words are ??.
• ?? (???), ?? (????), ?? (???), ?? (???)
• Exceptions (not exclusive) ? (??), ? (??), ?
  (??), ? (??), ? (??), ? (??), ? (??), ? (??), ?
  (???), ? (??), ? (??), ? (?), ? (??), ? (?), ?
  (??), ? (??), ? (??), ? (???), ? (??), ? (??), ?
  (??), ? (??), ? (??), ? (??), ? (??), ? (??), ?
  (??), ? (??), ? (??)
• In other words most ??-??? combinations are
  bound morphemes (bound bases?).

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• Bound bases are not rare (e.g., kak-, hanas-)
  however, bound bases that are used only in
  compounds are extremely rare.
• Note that In Chinese, ?, ?, etc. are not
  bound morphemes.

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• ??? (??????), ??? (?????) ?? (????), ?? (????)
• ??
• ??? (????)
• ?? (???)
• ???, ??? cf. ?? (?????) ??, ?? (????) ??

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• So-called ?? (?????) ?? (???) type
  compounds are subtypes of hybrid compounds.
• ?? (?????)
• ?? (???)

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• ?? type (??)
• ?? (?????), ?? (???), ?? (???), ?? (?????), ??
  (????), etc.
• ?? type (??)
• ?? (????), ?? (????), ?? (???), ?? (???), ??
  (???), etc.

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• Classification of SJ compounds on semantic bases
• ?? A subject, B predicate
• ?? (?????), ?? (???), ?? (????)
• ?? A modifies B (A adjective)
• ?? (????), ?? (???), ?? (?????)
• ?? A B juxtaposed
• ?? (???), ?? (?????), ?? (????)
• ?? (???), ?? (????), ?? (????)
• ?? A predicate, B object/subject
• ?? (????), ?? (????), ?? (?????), ?? (???), ??
  (??????), ?? (???)
• ?? (????), ?? (????), ?? (?????)