HORMONES

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HORMONES
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THYROID GLAND

• Hormones of two types
• 1. Iodine containing thyroxin
  (tetraiodthyronin) and triiodthyronin
  derivatives of tyrosine
• 2. Calcitonin - peptide

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Synthesis of iodine containing hormones is
regulated by thyrotropic hormone, which in turn
is stimulated by thyroliberin
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• Functions of iodine containing hormones

Necessary for normal growth, differentiation, sex
and mental development Regulate the speed of
metabolism
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Effect on protein metabolism In physiological
concentration stimulate synthesis of proteins,
nucleic acids. In the increased concentration
activate the protein decomposition. Effect on
carbohydrate metabolism Accelerate the absorption
of carbohydrates in the intestine Activate the
decomposition of glycogen.
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Effect on lipid metabolism Activate the exit of
lipids from depot, its decomposition and
oxidation Effect on energetic metabolism In
excess thyroxin uncouples respiration and
phosphorilation, decreases the ATP formation and
increases the heat formation
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Hyperfunction of gland diffuse toxic goiter
(thyrotoxicosis, Graves disease)

• Goiter hyperplasia of gland
• Hypermetabolism
• Increase of body temperature
• Sweating, muscle weakness
• Weight loss with good appetite
• Tremor, emotional lability, insomnia
• Exophtalm

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Hypofunction of gland (occurs in the deficit of
iodine in water, soil, air)

• Decrease of metabolism
• Decrease of body temperature
• Hypofunction in childhood - cretinism
• Growth inhibition
• Unproportional body development
• Disorders of mental development
• Hypofunction in adults mixedema
• Edema of mucosa

mixedema
cretinism
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Endemic goiter (occurs in the deficit of iodine
in water, soil and air)
Connective tissue is enlarged in gland and it is
increased in size markedly
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Calcitonin

• Is synthesized by parafollicular cells of thyroid
  gland

• Affects the metabolism of ?? and ?
• Promotes the transferring of ??2 from blood into
  bones
• Inhibits reabsorption of ? in kidneys (decreases
  the content of ? in blood due to its excretion
  with urine)

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• Increase of calcitonin
• hypocalciemia
• hypophosphatemia
• hyperphosphaturia

• Decrease of calcitonin
• - hypercalciemia
• hyperphosphatemia
• hypophosphaturia

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PARATHYROID GLANDS
Parathyroid hormone - protein

• Affects the metabolism of ?? and ?
• Promotes moving of ??2 from bones into blood
• Inhibits reabsorption of ? in kidneys (decreases
  the content of ? in blood due to its excretion
  with urine)
• Stimulates the absorption of Ca in the intestine

• ??? ??????? ? ????????? D (??????? ??????? ?????
  ???????? D ? ??????)

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• Hypofunction
• hypocalciemia
• hyperphosphatemia
• hypophosphaturia
• tetanus

• Hyperfunction (Recklinghausens disease)
• hypercalciemia
• hypophosphatemia
• hyperphosphaturia
• osteoporosis
• Accumulation of ?? in tissues

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EPINEPHRINE GLANDS
Two parts -cortex -medulla
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Hormones of medulla - catecholamines

• Epinephrine, norepinephrine and DOPA
• Nature derivatives of tyrosine
• Excretion is regulated by sympathetic nervous
  system and brain cortex

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Functions Stress hormones. Contraction of
vessels, increase the blood pressure, accelerate
pulse. Contraction of uterus muscles. Epinephrine
relaxes the muscles of bronchi and intestine. On
carbohydrate metabolism -activates the
decomposition of glycogen in liver and
muscles -activates glycolysis, PPC, TAC and
tissue respiration On protein metabolism -accelera
te the decomposition of proteins On lipid
metabolism -activates lipase, mobilization of
lipids and their oxidation
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Hormones of cortex - corticosteroids

• There are more than 50 corticosteroids
• Nature steroids
• Are synthesized from cholesterol
• Two groups
• -glucocorticoids (protein, carbohydrate and lipid
  metabolism)
• -mineralocorticoids (mineral metabolism)

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Glucocorticoids Most important corticosteron,
cortison, hydrocortison Synthesis is regulated by
ACTH Are transported combined with
proteins Half-life time till 1 hour In the
decomposition17-ketosteroids are formed
(excretion with urine). Diagnostic significance
index of the function of cortex of epinephrine
glands and testis
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• Functions
• Antiinflammatory, antiallergic, antiimmune
• Adaptive effect
• Maintain the blood pressure
• Maintain the volume of extracellular liquid

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• Effect on protein metabolism
• Stimulate catabolic processes in connective,
  lymphoid and muscle tissues
• Activate protein synthesis in liver
• Stimulate amino transferases
• Stimulate the urine biosynthesis

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• Effect on the carbohydrate metabolism
• Increase the glucose level
• Activate gluconeogenesis
• Inhibit hexokinase (glycolisis)
• Effect on the lipid metabolism
• Activate lipolysis
• Activate the conversion of FA into carbs

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Mineralocorticoids The most important hormone
aldosteron Excretion is controlled by
rhenin-angiothensin system
Functions -activate the reabsorption of Na,
water and Cl in kidney canaliculi - Promotes the
excretion of ? ions via the kidneys, skin and
saliva
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Disorders of the function of epinephrine gland
cortex Insufficiency Addison disease (bronze
disease) Causes -injury of epinephrine gland
cortex -insufficient production of ACTH
Blood pressure decrease, loss of weight,
weakness, anorexia. Hyperpigmentation - bronze
skin
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Hyperproduction Kushing syndrom Causes
hypeplasia or tumor of epinephrine gland cortex
Obesity, particularly of the trunk and face
(moon face) with sparing of the limbs striae
(stretches of the skin) Proximal muscle
weakness Hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair
growth) Insomnia, impotence, amenorrhoea,
infertility Heart diseases, hypertension Polyuria,
hypokalemia hyperglycemia, glucosuria (steroid
diabetes) Kidney bones Depression,
anxiety Hyperpigmentation
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Aldosterone hyperproduction Causes
-aldosteroma
Symptoms -hypokaliemia -hypernatriemia -hyperchlo
remia -hypervolemia -edema, hypertension
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Sex hormones
Are synthesized in -sex glands -placenta -cortex
of epinephrine glands
A little amount of female sex hormones is formed
in male organism and vice versa. Female
estrogens, progesteron. Male androgens.
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Estrogens Nature steroids Estradiol is formed
in follicles of ovarium Estron and estriol are
formed in liver and placenta in the metabolism of
estradiol
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e????????
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Functions of estrogens Development of the female
reproductive system organs Ability to fertility
in reproductive period
Biochemical functions of estrogens Anabolic
action on the tissues of reproductive
organs Inhibit the exit of Ca from bones
(osteoporosis in menopause)
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Progesteron Nature steroid Is formed in corpus
luteum, placenta and epinephrine glands
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Functions of progesteron Prepares the endometrium
of uterus to implantation of ovum Inhibits the
uterus contraction during pregnancy Stimulates
the growth of mammary glands
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Androgens Testosteron Nature steroid Is formed
in the interstitial cells of testis Is excreted
as 17-?etosteroids
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Functions of testosterone Development of the
primary sex features Development of the secondary
sex features Stimulates spermatogenesis
Biochemical functions of testosterone Strong
anabolic action (stimulates the synthesis of NA,
proteins, phospholipids) increases the mass of
muscles Keeps the Ca and P in organism
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Derivatives of androgens active anabolics