Broken Bones

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Broken Bones
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Bones

• Bones are connective tissue.
• Bones have a soft center that is full of bone
  marrow, where blood cells are made.
• Bones support the body, help with movement, and
  offer protection to vital organs.

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Types of Bones

• There are 5 main types of bones
• Long bones- characterized by a long shaft, like a
  femur
• Short bones- roughly cubed shaped and found in
  wrist
• Flat bones-are thin and curved bones with two
  hard bones sandwiching a soft tissue, the skull
  bones
• Irregular bones- bones that do not fit in the
  above categories, like hip or spine bones
• Sesamoid bones- bones that are embedded in
  tendons, like the patella

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Broken Bones

• A medical term used to describe broken bones is a
  Bone Fracture
• This is a medical condition where the bone is
  either cracked or broken
• This condition can be abbreviated with Fx , FRX,
  of just Fx

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What can cause a broken bone?

• Normally, a bone fracture is caused by high
  amounts of pressure, impact, or stress.
• Some fractures can be caused by different types
  of diseases, such as
• Osteoporosis
• A disease where the bone is weakened
• A bone cyst
• A tumor in the bone that eats away at bone
  marrow, causing the bone to be hollow

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Types of fractures

• Complete Fracture- where bones completely
  separate
• Incomplete Fracture- the bones are still
  partially joined
• A Linear Fracture- a fracture that is parallel to
  the bones axis
• Transverse Fracture- where the fracture is
  perpendicular from the bones axis

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Types of Fractures Cont.

• Oblique Fracture- A fracture that is diagonal to
  a bone's axis.
• Compression Fracture-a fracture that usually
  occurs in the vertebrae.
• Spiral Fracture- a fracture where some of the
  bone has been twisted
• Comminuted Fracture- a fracture with a bunch of
  fragments
• Compacted Fracture- a fracture
• when the bones are driven
• into each other
• Open Fracture- the fracture
• went through the skin

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Classifying Fractures

• Normally, 5 things are taken into account when
  fractures are classified.
• The name of the bone
• The location on the bone
• The type of fracture
• The group/ shape (Like a spiral fracture)
• And the subgroups, which looks at things like the
  displacement or if there is shortening

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Classifying Fractures Cont.

• Neer Classification Humerus
• Denis Classification Spine
• Seinsheimer Classification Femur
• Frykmann Classification radius ulna

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Symptoms

• Depends on where and how the bone was broken.
• Normal Symptoms are
• Pain
• Swelling
• Bruising
• Deformity
• The inability to use the limb

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Where can Fractures Occur?

• Just about every bone in the body has been broken
• The most commonly broken bones are
• Wrist
• Ankle
• Hip- This case happens more frequently in the
  elderly
• Fingers and toes are broken frequently too due to
  sport injuries

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Complications of Bone Fractures

• The most common complications are
• Blood loss
• Injuries to Organs
• Growth/ joint problems
• Weakness in some areas
• Shock

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First Aid

• Should be given right away.
• Ask the person if they are hurt and in need of
  help.
• Only move the person if there is immediate danger
  in the area!!!!
• Moving a person with a head, neck, or spinal
  injury can cause a greater injury to occur!!!!

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First Aid Cont

• One thing to do right away is call 911 if
  possible.
• Treat wounds that are bleeding right away so
  there is minimum blood loss.
• Keep the wound as clean as possible
• DO NOT ATTEMPT TO STRAIGHTEN ANY BROKEN BONES
  YOURSELF!!!!

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First Aid Cont.

• If the Fracture is in the limb, provide cushion
  and/ or support, like a pillow.
• At the same time, do not cause more pain or
  injury by moving the limb.
• It is also possible to make a make-shift splint
  or sling

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First Aid Cont.

• Immobilize limbs by either
• using a sling for the arm,
• or tying of the leg above
• and below the fracture
• If possible, raise the leg
• and put an ice-pack on it
• to reduce swelling.
• Call either 911 or 000 (for an ambulance)
• Do not eat or drink anything in case surgery is
  necessary.

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Diagnoses

• There are three common ways that doctors use to
  tell if a bone is broken
• An X-ray
• A MRI
• A CT (a computer used program used to make a 3-D
  image)

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Treatments

• One thing most people do not understand is that
  broken bones heal by them selves.
• A cast or other medical treatment is used to make
  sure the bones align properly.

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Treatments Cont.

• Treatment include
• Splints
• Cast/ body cast
• Braces
• Pain relief
• Traction
• Inserted rods,
• plates, or screws

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Healing

• Healing begins when blood clots start to form on
  the end of the broken bone
• After a few (2-6) weeks, most cast are removed
• The broken limb must still be held with care

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Healing Cont.

• After about 5 weeks, the bone will fuse together
• This uses Cartilage
• Or Fibrous cells
• This new bone is not as strong as the first and
  can break very easily

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Healing Cont.

• Most cast or splints can be removed in about two
  months
• The new bone must still be treated with care for
  another month
• The temporary bone (callus) will be replaced with
  a real bone over time.

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Healing Cont.

• The bone heals without scars, unlike the skin
• The muscles, however, will be weak because of
  lack of use
• Physical Therapy may be necessary to rebuild
  strength

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Orthopedics

• This branch in medicine specializes in bone, bone
  injury, and bone growth
• This branch also deals with surgeries and bone
  fractures
• Some even deal with certain muscle injuries
• Much training is needed to become an Orthopedic

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Orthopedic Training

• Orthopedic surgeons complete about 10 years of
  postsecondary education.
• This includes getting an undergraduates in
  medical school
• They must also complete a 5 year session of
  orthopedic surgeries

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What Happens During Surgery?

• The doctor will first initial the arm that is to
  be operated on
• The patient will them be given an local
  anesthetic and an IV drip to put them to sleep
• The doctor will then align the bone, insert any
  necessary rods, and complete the surgery

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Orthopedics in Your Area

• There are many orthopedics in the Richmond area
• Tuckahoe Orthopedics and Associates
• Orthopedic Research of Virginia
• Richmond Orthopedics
• Orthopedic Specialist

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Dr. Chester Sharps

• Dr. Chester Sharps is an pediatric orthopedic
  surgeon that works with Tuckahoe Orthopedics
• This means he specializes in fixing bones in
  children
• Peoples Magazine has awarded him the best
  pediatric orthopedic surgeon on the east coast

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Fun Facts

• The femur is one of the most difficult bones to
  break in the human body
• The radius (near the wrist) is probably the most
  common bone that is broken, mostly because of
  sports
• Many fingers and toes are broken, but there is no
  real treatment except for resting the bone

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Bibliography

• "Bone Fractures." Better Health Channel. 01 Oct
  2008. State of Victoria. 24 Oct 2008
  lthttp//www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/BHCV2/bhcartic
  les.nsf/pages/Bone_fractures?OpenDocumentgt.
• "Bone Fractures." Wikipedia. 23 Oct 2008.
  Wikipedia. 24 Oct 2008 lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wi
  ki/Bone_fracturegt.
• "Orthopedic Surgery." Wikipedia. 24 Oct 2008.
  Wikipedia. 24 Oct 2008 lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wi
  ki/Orthopedicgt.
• Personal Information/Experience