CLASSICAL EMPIRES

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CLASSICAL EMPIRES

• SSWH2 The student will identify the major
  achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from
  1100 BCE to 500 CE.
• a. Describe the development of Indian
  civilization include the rise and fall of the
  Maurya Empire, the Golden Age under Gupta, and
  the emperor Ashoka.
• MAURYA EMPIRE, RECALL FROM LAST UNIT

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MAURYA EMPIRE

• The Mauryas Indian dynasty in the fourth-third
  centuries BCE, which unified the subcontinent for
  the first time and contributed to the spread of
  Buddhism.

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MAURYA EMPIRE, EMPERORS

• Chandragupta Maurya (c.321-c.297)
• Bindusara Maurya (c.297-c.272)
• Ashoka Maurya (c.272-c.232)

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Ashoka Maurya (c.272-c.232)

• great conqueror, and the first to unite the
  Indian subcontinent, except for the extreme
  south.
• converted to Buddhism established dhamma, 'the
  law of justice', everywhere in India
• Left rock edicts behind on several places in his
  realm

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• Ashoka was sincere when he proclaimed his belief
  in ahimsa (non-violence) and cooperation between
  religions ("contact between religions is good").

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DECLINE

• After the death of Ashoka, the Mauryan empire
  declined.

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ASHOKA STUPA (STATUES)
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VIDEO, ASHOKA

• http//www2.newcanaan.k12.ct.us/education/componen
  ts/docmgr/default.php?sectiondetailid7021fileite
  m763catfilter376

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GOLDEN AGE OF INDIA UNDER THE GUPTA

• http//www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?vzX485700704d
  560800745555tHistory-of-India

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CHANDRAGUPTA II

• Chandragupta II The Great (Sanskrit ???????????
  ???????????? was one of the most powerful
  emperors of the Gupta empire in northern India
• rule spanned c. 380413/415 CE
• the Gupta Empire achieved its zenith, art,
  architecture, and sculpture flourished, and the
  cultural development of ancient India reached its
  climax

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HINDUISM

• WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

http//www.youtube.com/watch?v6AYL9_-PQyQ
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HINDUISM

• Hinduism is the predominant religion of the
  Indian subcontinent
• includes a wide spectrum of laws and
  prescriptions of "daily morality" based on karma,
  dharma, and societal norms
• no single founder
• oldest living major religionin the world

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HINDUISM

• Hindu texts INCLUDE TEXTS which discuss theology,
  philosophy, mythology, rituals, and temple
  building
• Major scriptures include the Vedas, Upanishads
  and others
• Hinduism, with about one billion followers, is
  the world's third largest religion, after
  Christianity and Islam.

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• Hinduism
• belief in reincarnation (samsara), determined by
  the law of karma, and the idea that salvation is
  freedom from this cycle of repeated birth and
  death
• other religions of the region, such as Buddhism,
  Jainism and Sikhism, also believe in karma,
  outside the scope of Hinduism
• beliefs spanning monotheism, polytheism
• caste system in India is a system of social
  stratification

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• Brahminical texts grouped the four well-known
  caste categories
• VARNAS
• Brahmins PRIESTS
• Kshatriyas WARRIORS
• Vaishyas MERCHANTS
• Shudras ARTISANS
• untouchables

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• Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs o), Dharma
  (ethics/duties)
• Samsara (the continuing cycle of birth, life,
  death and rebirth)
• Karma (action and subsequent reaction)
• Moksha (liberation from samsara)
• Yogas (paths or practices)

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HINDUISM

• (Creation Hymn) of the Rig Veda thus says
• Who really knows?Who will here proclaim
  it?Whence was it produced? Whence is this
  creation?The gods came afterwards, with the
  creation of this universe.Who then knows whence
  it has arisen?

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BUDDHISM
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BUDDHISM

• Buddhism
• religion indigenous to the Indian subcontinent
• based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha
  Gautama
• known as the Buddha (meaning "the awakened one
  or enlightened one

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• The Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part
  of Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th
  and 4th centuries BCE.

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• Buddha, 1st 2nd
• century

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• Two major branches of Buddhism
• Theravada ("The School of the Elders")
• Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle")

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• The foundations of Buddhist tradition and
  practice are the Three Jewels the Buddha, the
  Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the
  community)

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Dharma Wheel THE NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH
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• 1.Right view
• 2.Right intention
• 3.Right speech4.Right action5.Right
  livelihood6.Right effort7.Right
  mindfulness8.Right concentration

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• http//video.pbs.org/video/1418075805

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DIFFUSION OF BUDDHISM
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• Ashoka initially practiced Hinduism but later
  embraced Buddhism
• Ashoka sent many Buddhist missions to West Asia,
  Greece and South East Asia
• Ashoka commissioned the construction of
  monasteries, schools and publication of Buddhist
  literature across the empire.
• Ashoka built as many as 84,000 stupas across
  India
• Ashoka sent a mission to Sri Lanka

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• Ashoka increased the popularity of Buddhism in
  Afghanistan, Thailand and North Asia including
  Siberia
• Ashoka helped convene the Third Buddhist Council
  of India and South Asia's Buddhist orders, a
  council that undertook much work of reform and
  expansion of the Buddhist religion.
• Indian merchants embraced Buddhism and played a
  large role in spreading the religion across the
  Mauryan empire
• The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China
  is most commonly thought to have started in the
  late 2nd or the 1st century CE

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• SSWH2 The student will identify the major
  achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from
  1100 BCE to 500 CE.
• c. Describe the development of Chinese
  civilization under the Zhou and Qin.

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CHINESE CIVILIZATION
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• Chinese civilization originated in various
  regional centers along both the Yellow River and
  the Yangtze River
• With thousands of years of continuous history,
  China is one of the world's oldest civilizations
• The written history of China can be found as
  early as the Shang Dynasty 17001046 BC)
• ancient historical texts such as the Records of
  the Grand Historian (ca. 100 BC) and Bamboo
  Annals assert the existence of a Xia Dynasty
  before the Shang
• Much of Chinese culture, literature and
  philosophy further developed during the Zhou
  Dynasty (1045256 BC).

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• the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC and its first emperor
  Qin Shi Huang united the various warring kingdoms
  and created the first Chinese empire. Successive
  dynasties in Chinese history developed
  bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of
  China to directly control vast territories.

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Zhou Dynasty (1046256 BC)

• The Zhou Dynasty was the longest-lasting dynasty
  in Chinese history, from 1066 BC to approximately
  256 BC.
• The king of Zhou at this time invoked the concept
  of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize his rule,
  a concept that would be influential for almost
  every succeeding dynasty.
• Heaven (tian) ruled over all the other gods, and
  it decided who would rule China. It was believed
  that a ruler had lost the Mandate of Heaven when
  natural disasters occurred in great number, and
  when, more realistically, the sovereign had
  apparently lost his concern for the people. In
  response, the royal house would be overthrown,
  and a new house would rule, having been granted
  the Mandate of Heaven.

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ZHOU DYNASTY

• the use of iron was introduced to China
• zenith of Chinese bronze-ware making

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MANDATE OF HEAVEN

• ZHOU-legitimized their rule by invoking the
  "Mandate of Heaven," the notion that the ruler
  (the "Son of Heaven") governed by divine right
  and that his dethronement would prove that he had
  lost the Mandate. Disasters and successful
  rebellions would thus show that the ruling family
  had lost this Mandate.

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• The Mandate of Heaven is based on four leading
  ideas
• The right to rule China is granted by Heaven.
• There can be only one legitimate ruler of China.
• The right to rule is based on the virtue of the
  ruler and his good performance as a steward for
  Heaven.
• The right to rule may be passed down from father
  to son, but only on the conditions established
  above. Once the Mandate is lost, the will of
  Heaven towards a successor will only be known by
  the working out of the imponderable force of
  events in human history.

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• Legitimization of the ruling house in the eyes of
  the people who come under its sway
• Times of divided rule require some
  rationalization after the fact to establish which
  ruler can claim truly to have the Mandate
• The rulers put checks on their own behavior, and
  are encouraged to invest in the well-being of
  their subjects.
• The rulers necessarily fear rebellion, possibly
  because they believe in active intervention from
  Heaven, and/or possibly because they know that
  misbehavior will give positive sanction to
  attempts by others to overthrow them.

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• MANDATE OF HEAVEN
• DIVINE RIGHT
• RULE FROM HEAVEN, IN CHINA
• GOD GIVES POWER TO
• RULE TO KINGS, EUROPE
• Zhou Wuwang established
• the Zhou Dynasty

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• Western Zhou (Chinese ?? pinyin Xi Zhou),
  lasting up until 771 BC, and the Eastern Zhou
  (Chinese ?? pinyin Dong Zhou) from 770 up to
  256 BC.
• The dynasty ended in 256 BC when the last king of
  Zhou died.
• Qin Shi Huang's unification of China concluded in
  221 BC with the establishment of the Qin Dynasty.
  

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CONTRIBUTIONS-ZHOU

• 1.FEUDAL SYSTEM
• Western writers often describe the Zhou period as
  "feudal" because the Zhou's early rule invites
  comparison with medieval rule in Europe.
• Five below the royal ranks
• "duke
• marquis
• "count
• "viscount
• baron"

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• 2 Confucianism, CONFUCIUS (551479 BC) , later,
  MENCIUS (372 289 BC)
• 3 Legalism, SHANG YANG (390338 BC) , HAN FEI
  (280233 BC)
• 4 Taoism, LAOZI (6th century BC)
• 5 Mandate of Heaven, Emperor as the Son of Heaven
• ALL INFLUENCED LATER CHINESE HISTORY.

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QIN DYNASTY
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• The Qin Dynasty
• first imperial dynasty of China
• 221 to 207 BC
• The strength of the Qin state was greatly
  increased by the legalist reforms of Shang Yang
• the Qin accomplished a series of swift conquests,
  first ending the powerless Zhou Dynasty
• gained control over the whole of China, resulting
  in a unified China.

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• During its reign over China, the Qin Dynasty
  achieved increased trade, improved agriculture,
  and military security
• construction of ambitious projects, such as a
  wall on the northern border, now known as the
  Great Wall of China
• The Qin Dynasty also introduced several reforms
  currency, weights and measures were standardized,
  and a better system of writing was established
• An attempt to purge all traces of the old
  dynasties led to the infamous burning of books
  and burying of scholars incident
• The Qin's military was also revolutionary in that
  it used the most recently developed weaponry,
  transportation, and tactics, though the
  government was heavy-handed and bureaucratic.

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• advocated the philosophy of Legalism, which
  encouraged practical and ruthless warfare.
• EMPEROR Shi Huangdi (???) or "First Emperor
• During the Qin Dynasty, Confucianism was
  suppressed by the First Emperor who believed in
  Legalism.

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• Another project built during Qin Shihuang's rule
  (besides Great Wall) was the Terracotta army,
  intended to protect the emperor after his death
• The Terracotta army was inconspicuous due to its
  underground location, and was not discovered
  until 1974

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GRAND CANAL

• 486 BC
• ADDITIONS IN LATER
• DYNASTIES
• longest canal or artificial
• river in the world

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CONFUCIANISM

• Confucianism
• Chinese ethical and philosophical system
  developed from the teachings of the Chinese
  philosopher Confucius, "Master Kong", 551479
• Following the abandonment of Legalism in China
  after the Qin Dynasty, Confucianism became the
  official state ideology of China

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• The core of Confucianism is humanism
• belief that human beings are teachable,
  improvable and perfectible through personal and
  communal endeavour especially including
  self-cultivation and self-creation
• Focuses on the cultivation of virtue and
  maintenance of ethics

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• ethical philosophy to be practiced by all the
  members of a society
• Confucian ethics is characterized by the
  promotion of virtues, encompassed by the Five
  Constants, or the Wuchang
• (??) FROM Confucian scholars during the Han
  Dynasty

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• Rén (?, Humaneness)
• Yì (?, Righteousness or Justice)
• Li (?, Propriety or Etiquette)
• Zhì (?, Knowledge)
• Xìn (?, Integrity)

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• Cultures and countries strongly influenced by
  Confucianism include mainland China, Taiwan,
  Korea, Japan and Vietnam, as well as various
  territories settled predominantly by Chinese
  people, such as Singapore

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• "Filial piety"
• the greatest of virtues
• filial" (meaning "of a child") characterizes the
  respect that a child, originally a son, should
  show to his parents
• five relationships
• the Five Bonds

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• Ruler to Ruled
• Father to Son
• Husband to Wife
• Elder Brother to Younger Brother
• Friend to Friend
• Patriarchal family

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• Social harmonythe great goal of
  Confucianismtherefore results in part from every
  individual knowing his or her place in the social
  order, and playing his or her part well

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• There is government, when the prince is prince,
  and the minister is minister when the father is
  father, and the son is son
• CONFUCIUS, Analects
• MENCIUS says "When being a child, yearn for and
  love your parents when growing mature, yearn for
  and love your lassie when having wife and
  child(ren), yearn for and love your wife and
  child(ren) when being an official (or a
  staffer), yearn for and love your sovereign
  (and/or boss)."

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• Meritocracy
• Imperial examination system in China, the civil
  service, government jobs by examination
• This system allowed anyone who passed an
  examination to become a government officer, a
  position which would bring wealth and honour to
  the whole family
• The Chinese Imperial examination system seems to
  have been started in 165 BC
• candidates for public office were called to the
  Chinese capital for examination of their moral
  excellence by the emperor
• Over the following centuries the system grew
  until finally almost anyone who wished to become
  an official had to prove his worth by passing
  written government examinations.
• His achievement was the setting up of a school
  that produced statesmen with a strong sense of
  patriotism and duty

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CHINESE SOCIETY

• EMPEROR
• EMPEROR APPOINTED GOVERNORS AND KINGS
• THEY APPOINTED STATE OFFICIALS, NOBLES, AND
  SCHOLARS
• PEASANTS, IMPORTANT FOR FOOD PRODUCTION AND
  EXISTENCE OF EMPIRE

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• ARTISANS AND MERCHANTS
• SOLDIERS
• SLAVES, THE CONQUERED