Comparison Essays Period 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments, c. 1900

1
Comparison EssaysPeriod 6 Accelerating Global
Change and Realignments, c. 1900
PresentQuestions?
2
Key Concept 6.1Science and the Environment

• New advances in science (Green Revolution,
  scientific paradigms, communication and
  technology, medical innovations, energy
  technologies)

3
Key Concept 6.1Science and the Environment

• Increase of Global Population
• Increased rate of impact
• Global Warming
• Environmental consequences of growth

4
Key Concept 6.1Science and the Environment

• Diseases, scientific innovations and conflict
  (impact on demographics)
• Disease and poverty connection (malaria, cholera,
  TB)
• Epidemics (influenza, Ebola, HIV/AIDS)
• Diseases assoc with changing lifestyles
  (diabetes)
• Birth Control and impact on gender roles
• Improved military technology, tactics and
  increased casualties (For ex. Case studies
  Airplanes, Firebombing, Nanjing)

5
Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their
Consequences

• Domination by Europe at the beginning of century
  though increasingly trans-regional by end
• Collapse of land based empires (Russia, Qing, and
  Ottoman external and internal factors)
• Negotiated Independence (India OR Gold Coast)
• Armed struggle of some colonies (Algeria and
  Vietnam, Angola)

6
Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their
Consequences

• Emerging anti-imperialist ideologies led to
  decolonization and new states
• Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa (Gandhi,
  Ho Chi Minh, OR Nkrumah)
• Regional, religious and ethnic movements (Jinnah,
  Quebecois, OR Biafra)
• Transnational movements (Communism, Pan-Arabism,
  Pan-Africanism, OR Bolivarianism)
• Land and resource allocation reform in Africa,
  Asia, and Latin America (ex. ______________)

7
(No Transcript)
8
Process of Decolonization and Nation- Building

• Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945.
  Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and
  mass mobilization of 1920s and 1930s.
• Three patterns
• Civil war (China)
• Negotiated independence (India and much of
  Africa)
• Incomplete de-colonization (Palestine, Algeria
  and Southern Africa, Vietnam)

9
Decolonization--Egypt

• 1906 Dinshawai incident aroused nationalist
  passions.
• Actions post- Indep (1936) not sufficient.
• Coup detat in 1952 Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Nationalization of Suez 1956 protested by
  Israelis, British and French but diplomacy won
  over eventually.
• Nasser symbol of pan-Arab nationalism.

10
Africa for Africans

• Nationalists composed of ex-servicemen, urban
  unemployed under-employed, and the educated.
• Pan-Africanism and Negritude
• Senghor (Senegal) and Dubois (African-American)

11
De-colonization in Africa

• 1957, Gold Coast (renamed Ghana) independence,
  led by western- educated, Kwame Nkrumah.
• By 1963, all of British ruled Africa, except
  Southern Rhodesia, was independent.

12
De-colonization in French-ruled Africa

• Initially more resistant than the British.
• Encouraged closer French ties- assimilation, not
  autonomy.
• Not willing to go far enough in granting rights.
• With exception of Algeria, by 1960 had granted
  independence.

13
Leopold Sedar Senghor

• Western educated Francophone intellectual from
  Senegal
• Poet who became first president of Senegal.
• Advocated democratic socialism and negritude.

• Negritude validation of African culture and the
  African past by the Negritude poets. Recognized
  attributes of French culture but were not willing
  to be assimilated into Europe.

14
Black Theology

• Archbishop Desmond Tutu one of main voices
• Goal to end apartheid in South Africa through a
  theologically based social justice movement
• Opposed racial injustice as well as social and
  economic inequity
• Role in Truth and Reconciliation Commission
• http//www.bethel.edu/letnie/AfricanChristianity/
  SAContextual.html
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v928_TLwSl1I CNN
  coverage of Black Liberation Theology, Wright and
  Obama

15
Black Theology
16
Violent and Incomplete Decolonizations

• Presence of European immigrant groups impeded
  negotiations, leading to violence. For example,
  Kenya, Palestine, Algeria, and southern Africa
• Vietnams de-colonization complicated by Frances
  colonial ties and cold war politics.

17
Kenya

• Presence of settlers prevented smooth transition
  of power.
• Kenya (20,000 Europeans only) led to violent
  revolt.
• Mau-Mau Revolt, 1952, led by Kikuyus suppressed
  by British.
• 1963 independence granted to black majority, led
  by Kenyatta.

18
Algeria

• Appeal of Arab nationalism
• Large French settler population
• 1954- 1962 war between FLN (nationalist party)
  and French troops
• part of France
• 300,000 lives

19
South Africa

• 4 million white residents
• Afrikaner-dominated (white) National Party won
  1948 election
• Apartheid
• No protests tolerated (African National Congress,
  Mandela, Sharpeville massacre 1960)
• 1990s black government elected

20
Women as leaders in the Movement

• Women fought alongside men in whatever capacities
  were permitted in Algeria, Egypt, China,
  Vietnam,India and elsewhere.
• China, 1942
• The fighting record of our women does not
  permit us to believe that they will ever again
  allow themselves to be enslaved whether by a
  national enemy or by social reaction at home.
• Women given constitutional rights but social and
  economic equality rarely achieved in postcolonial
  developing nations.

21
Comparative Rebellions

• Mau Mau revolt
• Peru -- Shining Path
• Nicaragua
• FLMN El Salvador
• Battle for Algiers
• Other topics??

22
Literature and Decolonization

• Expressions of nationalism and rejections of
  western superiority.
• Gandhi, I make bold to say that the Europeans
  themselves will have to remodel their outlooks if
  they are not to perish under the weight of the
  comforts to which they are becoming slaves.
• Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart
• Senghor, Snow upon Paris
• Aime Cesaire, West Indian poet, founder of
  Negritude Return to my Native Land

23
Fall of Empire Fall out and Legacy

• Colonial footprint
• Problems of Transition
• Problems of Identity

24
Challenges of Independence

• Ethnic disputes
• Dependent economies
• Growing debt
• Cultural dependence on west-gt religious
  revivalism as backlash
• Widespread social unrest
• Military responses to restore order

• Population growth
• Resource depletion
• Lack of middle class in some locales
• Education deficit and later, brain drain.
• Neo-colonialism through economic debt.

25
Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their
Consequences

• Political changes had social and demographic
  consequences
• Population resettlements following colonial rule
  (India/ Pakistan, Zionist Jewish settlement of
  Palestine, OR mandates in Middle East)
• Migration of former colonial subjects to imperial
  metropoles (South Asians, Algerians, Filipinos)
• Ethnic violence increase and refugee populations
  (Armenia, The Holocaust, Cambodia, OR Rwanda) and
  (Palestinians OR Darfurians)

26
Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their
Consequences

• Military conflicts occurred on unprecedented
  scale
• WWI and WWII as total wars (ideologies, colonial
  peoples, civilians, propaganda, nationalism)
  (Gurkha, ANZAC, Military conscription)
• Sources of Global conflict in first half century
  varied (required examples)
• Cold War shifting of power balance and
  involvement of Latin America, Asia and Latin
  America
• Ending of Cold war with dissolution of USSR

27
World War I

• Promises of self-determination
• Use of colonial soldiers in trenches
• Locals filled posts left by colonial powers
  during war
• Financial strain on empire
• Treaty of Versailles

28
(No Transcript)
29
World War II

• Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI and
  as a result of the global depression
• Costs of empire
• US support of anti-colonial liberation movements
• Atlantic Charter (1941) right of all people to
  choose the form of government under which they
  live
• Soviets condemned colonialism

30
African participation in WWII
31
Cold War Context

• Third World alignment in Cold war politics
• Case studies
• Impact of the Cuban revolution Castro and Che
  Guevara (Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis,
  Kennedy and Khrushchev)
• Lumumba and the Congo Crisis (US involvement in
  coup, Poisonwood Bible excerpt)
• Allendes peaceful road to socialism led to
  coup by Pinochet (CIA role)
• Central America Nicaragua, El Salvador,
  Dominican Republic and Guatemala
• See pp. 56 72 in Special Focus 2008

32
Cuba

• Increasing influence of Castro brothers and Che
  from 1953 onward in leading armed struggle
  against government
• Overthrow of Batista government in 1959
• 1961 failed Bay of Pigs invasion
• Nationalization of land, business and religious
  possessions.
• Land reform
• Literacy campaign
• Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
• Cuba Today

33
Patrice Lumumba

• Patrice Lumumba From his last letter before his
  execution in 1961.
• "'History will one day have its say, but it will
  not be the history that Brussels, Paris,
  Washington, or the United Nations will teach, but
  that which they will teach in the countries
  emancipated from colonialism and its puppets.
  Africa will write its own history, and it will
  be, to the north and to the south of the Sahara,
  a history of glory and dignity.'

34
Salvador Allende 9-11-73

• "I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a
  country go communist due to the irresponsibility
  of its own people. The issues are much too
  important for the Chilean voters to be left to
  decide for themselves." Henry Kissinger
• "Military rule aims to make Chile not a nation
  of proletarians, but a nation of entrepreneurs."
  Augusto Pinochet

35
Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their
Consequences

• Resistance to Violence as a means of resolving
  conflicts, while at the same time conflicts
  intensified across the globe
• Groups and Individuals challenged wars (Picasso,
  antinuclear movement, OR Thich Quang Duc) and
  promoted non-violence (Gandhi OR King)
• Groups and individuals proposed alternatives
  (Lenin and Mao, Non-Aligned Movement,
  Anti-Apartheid Movement, 1968 movements,
  Tiananmen Sq protestors)
• Militaries promoted further conflict (Military
  dictatorships, New World Order, MIC and arms
  trade)
• Movements use of violence against civilians (IRA,
  ETA OR Al Qaeda)
• Conflicts influence on popular culture (James
  Bond)

36
Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global
Economy, Society and Culture

• Varied response to economic challenges
• Communist economies control of national economies
  (Five Year plans OR Great Leap Forward)
• Government Intervention in national economies
  (New Deal or Fascist corporatist economy)
• Post WWII independent states role in guiding
  development (Nasser or East Asia export econ.)
• Encouragement by end of 20th c. of free market
  economies (US, Britain, China, Chile)

37
Cold War

• Provided inspiration a blend of capitalist and
  socialist economies and agendas.
• Provided arms to those who sided with one or the
  other (proxy wars and arms races).
• Encouraged violent recourse for some as a result
  of the power politics of cold war competition.

38
Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global
Economy, Society and Culture

• Increasingly interdependent actors in the global
  community
• New International organizations (League of
  Nations, UN, or ICC)
• New Economic Institutions (IMF, World Bank, WTO)
• Humanitarian organizations (UNICEF, WHO, Amnesty,
  Red Cross)
• Regional trade agreements (EU, NAFTA, ASEAN,
  Mercosur)
• MNCs (Shell, Coca Cola, Sony)
• Protest Movements (Greenpeace, Green Belt, Earth
  Day)

39
Role of International Organizations
40
Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global
Economy, Society and Culture

• New conceptualizations of society and culture
• Human Rights (UNDHR, Womens rights, end of White
  Australia policy)
• Increased interactions between diverse peoples
• New cultural identities Negritude
• Exclusionary reactions Xenophobia, Race riots,
  citizenship restrictions
• New Forms of spirituality(New Age, Falun Gong,
  Hare Krishna)
• Application of religion to politics
  (Fundamentalist movements OR Liberation Theology)

41
Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global
Economy, Society and Culture

• Popular and consumer culture became global
• Sports (World Cup soccer, Olympics, cricket)
• Diffusion of Music and Film (Reggae OR Bollywood)

42
Music as Protest

• South Africa and anti-apartheid music Paul Simon
• Bob Marley
• Chile Sting and Victor Jara
• Caribbean Merengue- Dominican Republic

43
Art as Ideology

• History of Venezuela Bolivarianism
• Ian Pierce, Chilean muralist
• http//www.newint.org/features/2006/06/01/history/
  
• http//encontrarte.aporrea.org/expo/e7.html

44
Art as Ideology- Diego Rivera
45
Art as Ideology

• Marjorie Agosin Poetry and Textiles
• Stitching Truth Unit poetry and art by women in
  Chile

46
Apartheid and Resistance Music, art, movies and
literature in South Africa

• Examples

47
Teaching History Through Current events

• Nigeria
• Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil..
• Leadership Models
• Home-grown heroes vs. local activists
• Genocides Rwanda and Darfur

48
Questions

• Nations in Latin America have now held
  independence for almost 200 years, what obstacles
  stand in the way of economic and political
  success?
• Recognizing the challenges that new nations in
  Africa have faced over the past 50 years, what
  are the solutions?

49
Conclusions about Decolonization

• Decolonization was sometimes a violent process-
  dependent in large part on how many settlers had
  come to the colony.
• In many parts of world, decolonization was not
  revolutionary. Power passed from one class of
  elites to another. Little economic and social
  reform occurred.
• Significant challenges faced independent
  nations.
• Western economic dominance of the global trade
  system continued unabated. WHY?

50
Conclusions

• The role of international organizations in the
  future of the Global South
• The impact of globalization (economic, cultural,
  and political) on conflict, migration, human
  rights, resource nationalism, and elections.
• Other thoughts?