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Title: Energy and Waste Chapters 15, 16, and 22 Living in the Environment, 11th Edition, Miller


1
NONRENEWABLE ENERGY
CH. 17
2
1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
3
ENERGY SOURCES
Primary Energy Resources The fossil fuels
(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling
water, geothermal, and solar energy. Secondary
Energy Resources Those sources which are
derived from primary resources such as
electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural
gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol
fuels.
4
THERMODYNAMICS
The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things
about converting heat energy from steam to
work 1) The conversion of heat to work cannot be
100 efficient because a portion of the heat is
wasted. 2) The efficiency of converting heat to
work increases as the heat temperature increases.
5
ENERGY UNITS AND USE
Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy
required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of
water by 1 ºF. cal (calorie) - the amount of
energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g
of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal)
is used. 1 Btu 252 cal 0.252 kcal 1 Btu
1055 J (joule) 1.055 kJ 1 cal 4.184 J
6
Energy Units and Use
Two other units that are often seen are the
horsepower and the watt. These are not units of
energy, but are units of power. 1 watt (W)
3.412 Btu / hour 1 horsepower (hp) 746
W Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only
to describe electrical energy. Usually we use
kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.
www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem20103/chap_12.ppt
7
EVALUATING ENERGY RESOURCES
  • U.S. has 4.6 of world population uses 24 of
    the worlds energy
  • 84 from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal,
    natural gas)
  • 7 from nuclear power
  • 9 from renewable sources (hydropower,
    geothermal, solar, biomass).

8
Changes in U.S. Energy Use
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
9
Energy resources removed from the earths crust
include oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
10
FOSSIL FUELS
  • originated from the decay of living organisms
    millions of years ago, and account for about 80
    of the energy generated in the U.S.
  • The fossil fuels used in energy generation are
  • Natural gas, which is 70 - 80 methane (CH4)
  • Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the
    distillation of petroleum
  • Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a
    H/C ratio of about 1

11
PROBLEMS WITH FOSSIL FUELS
  • Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
  • At projected consumption rates, natural gas and
    petroleum will be depleted before the end of the
    21st century
  • Coal 400 years
  • Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of
    pollution
  • Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of
    CO2, which contributes to global warming

12
1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
13
OIL
Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within
the earth's crust and can be extracted by
drilling a well Crude oil complex liquid
mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S,
O, N impurities Formation of oil animation
14
Sources of Oil
  • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
    (OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67 world reserves
  • Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
    Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
    United Arab Emirates, Venezuela
  • Other important producersAlaska, Siberia,
    Mexico.

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
15
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16
Oil in U.S.
  • 2.3 of world reserves
  • 65 for transportation
  • increasing dependence on imports.
  • Google Earth visuals of oil consumption by country

17
Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth,
they have discouraged / prevented improvements in
energy efficiency and alternative technologies
favoring renewable resources. Current cost of
crude oil
18
Oil drilling
Deep water drilling
19
Tar Sands and Keystone XL Pipeline
20
OIL
Crude oil is transported to a refinery where
distillation produces petrochemicals
21
Animation
22
1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
23
Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel
  • Mixture
  • 5090 Methane (CH4)
  • Ethane (C2H6)
  • Propane (C3H8)
  • Butane (C4H10)
  • Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

24
Sources of Natural Gas
  • Russia Kazakhstan - almost 40 of world's
    supply.
  • Iran (15), Qatar (5), Saudi Arabia (4),
    Algeria (4), United States (3), Nigeria (3),
    Venezuela (3)
  • 9095 of natural gas in U.S. domestic (411,000
    km 255,000 miles of pipeline).

25
billion cubic metres
26
NATURAL GAS
Experts predict increased use of natural gas
during this century
Kansas city owned cars run on natural gas
27
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28
NATURAL GAS
When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and
butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) The rest of the gas (mostly
methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into
pressurized pipelines for distribution Liquefied
natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated
tanker ships Hydraulic Fracking Animation Coal
Fracking
29
1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
30
COAL SUPPLY AND DEMAND
  • Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical
    formula cannot be written for it.
  • Coalification After plants died they underwent
    chemical decay to form a product known as peat
  • Over many years, thick peat layers formed.
  • Peat is converted to coal by geological events
    such as land subsidence which subject the peat to
    great pressures and temperatures.

www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem20103/chap_12.ppt
31
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32
RANKS OF COAL
Lignite A brownish-black coal of low quality
Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.
Subbituminous Black lignite, Energy content is
8,300 BTU/lb. Bituminous most common coal is
dense and black (Energy content about 10,500 Btu
/ lb. Anthracite A hard, black lustrous coal,
often referred to as hard coal, Energy content
of about 14,000 Btu/lb. Animation of how coal is
formed
www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist20295/
Powerpoint5CCoal.ppt
33
MAIN COAL DEPOSITS
www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem20103/chap_12.ppt
34
COAL
  • Coal gasification ? Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
  • Coal liquefaction ? Liquid fuels
  • Disadvantage
  • High environmental impact (air pollution-black
    lung disease)

35
SULFUR IN COAL
  • When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily
    as sulfur dioxide (SO2 - serious pollutant)
  • Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from
    coal include cleaning, solvent refining,
    gasification, and liquefaction. Scrubbers are
    installed at tops of factory exhaust pipes to
    trap SO2 when coal is burned.
  • Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS2 or
    CaSO4) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)

36
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37
  • Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and
    nuclear power.

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
38
ACID MINE DRAINAGE
The impact of mine drainage on a lake after
receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings
impoundment for over 50 years
39
Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment.
40
MINE EFFLUENT DISCHARGING FROM THE BOTTOM OF A
WASTE ROCK PILE
41
1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
42
NUCLEAR ENERGY
  • The process in a conventional nuclear power
    plant
  • A controlled nuclear fission chain reaction
  • Heats water
  • Produce high-pressure steam
  • Cause turbines to turn
  • Generates electricity

43
Nuclear Energy
  • Controlled Fission Chain Reaction
  • neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as
    Uranium or Plutonium
  • release energy (heat)

44
URANIUM
45
Controlled Nuclear Fission Reaction
46
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
47
Radioactivity
  • Radioactive decay continues until the original
    isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is
    not radioactive.
  • Radioactivity Nuclear changes in which unstable
    (radioactive) isotopes emit particles energy

48
Radioactivity
  • Types of radiation
  • Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2
    neutrons, and therefore are positively charged
  • Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)
  • Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form
    of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)
  • Sources of natural radiation
  • Soil
  • Rocks
  • Air
  • Water
  • Cosmic rays

49
Half-Life
The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a
radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to
form a different isotope. Half-time emitted
Uranium-235 710 million yrs alpha,
gamma Plutonium-239 24,000 yrs alpha,
gamma During operation, nuclear power plants
produce radioactive wastes, including some that
remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years.
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
50
Effects of Radiation
  • Genetic damages from mutations in DNA.
  • Genetic defects can become apparent in the next
    generation or future generations.
  • Somatic damages to tissue, such as burns,
    miscarriages cancers.

51
Radioactive Waste
  • 1. Low-level radiation
  • Sources nuclear power plants, hospitals
    universities
  • 1940 1970 most was dumped into the ocean
  • Today- bury in deep layers of land
  • 2. High-level radiation
  • Fuel rods from nuclear power plants
  • No agreement about a safe method of storage

52
Radioactive Waste
  • 1. Bury it deep underground.
  • Problems i.e. earthquake, groundwater
  • 2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.
  • Problems costs, accident would affect large
    area.
  • 3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.
  • Problems long-term stability of ice is not
    known, global warming
  • 4. Most likely plan for the US
  • Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada
  • Cost of over 50 billion
  • 160 miles from Las Vegas
  • Transportation across the country via train
    truck

53
Yucca Mountain
www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
54
Nuke UsArticle Forbes Magazine 1/25/12
55
PLUTONIUM BREEDING
238U is the most plentiful isotope of
Uranium Non-fissionable - useless as
fuel Reactors can be designed to convert 238U
into a fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239Pu
56
REPROCESS NUCLEAR FUEL
  • During the operation of a nuclear reactor the
    uranium runs out
  • Accumulating fission products hinder the proper
    function of a nuclear reactor
  • Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year

www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
57
PLUTONIUM IN SPENT FUEL
  • Spent nuclear fuel contains many newly formed
    plutonium atoms
  • Miss out on the opportunity to split
  • Plutonium in nuclear waste can be separated from
    fission products and uranium
  • Cleaned Plutonium can be used in a different
    Nuclear Reactor

www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
58
TURKEY POINT NUCLEAR PLANT- HOMESTEAD, FL
  • Located on Biscayne Bay, 24 miles south of Miami
    and just east of the Homestead area
  • Two nuclear power units
  • the first unit began operation in 1972
  • the second unit following in 1973
  • Generates about 1,400 million watts of
    electricity -- enough power to supply the annual
    needs of more than 450,000 homes
  • Reactor manufacturer - Westinghouse
  • Turbine Generator Manufacturer - Westinghouse
  • A safe, reliable and a low-cost producer of
    electricity

www.fpl.com- Turkey Point
59
NUCLEAR ENERGY
  • Concerns about the safety, cost, and liability
    have slowed the growth of the nuclear power
    industry
  • Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island
    showed that a partial or complete meltdown is
    possible

60
Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/
Energy20Use20-203.ppt
61
Three Mile Island
  • March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA
    lost coolant water because of mechanical and
    human errors and suffered a partial meltdown
  • 50,000 people evacuated another 50,000 fled
    area
  • Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
  • Partial cleanup damages cost 1.2 billion
  • Released radiation increased cancer rates.

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
62
3 mile island
63
Chernobyl
  • April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung
    radioactive debris into atmosphere
  • Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths
  • Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths
  • About 400,000 people were forced to leave their
    homes
  • 160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
  • gt Half million people exposed to dangerous levels
    of radioactivity
  • Cost of incident gt 358 billion

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
64
Chernobyl disaster
Chernobyl Radioactive wolves
National Geographic returns to the scene- 2006
65
NUCLEAR ENERGY
  • Nuclear plants must be decommissioned after 15-40
    years
  • New reactor designs are still proposed
  • Experimental breeder nuclear fission reactors
    have proven too costly to build and operate
  • Attempts to produce electricity by nuclear fusion
    have been unsuccessful

66
Use of Nuclear Energy
  • U.S. phasing out
  • Some countries (France, Japan) investing
    increasingly
  • U.S. currently 7 of energy nuclear
  • No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978
  • 40 of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to
    be retired by 2015 and all by 2030
  • North Korea is getting new plants from the US
  • France 78 energy nuclear

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
67
Phasing Out Nuclear Power
  • Multi-billion- construction costs
  • High operation costs
  • Frequent malfunctions
  • False assurances and coverups
  • Overproduction of energy in some areas
  • Poor management
  • Lack of public acceptance

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
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