Title: Energy and Waste Chapters 15, 16, and 22 Living in the Environment, 11th Edition, Miller
1NONRENEWABLE ENERGY
CH. 17
21. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
3ENERGY SOURCES
Primary Energy Resources The fossil fuels
(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling
water, geothermal, and solar energy. Secondary
Energy Resources Those sources which are
derived from primary resources such as
electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural
gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol
fuels.
4THERMODYNAMICS
The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things
about converting heat energy from steam to
work 1) The conversion of heat to work cannot be
100 efficient because a portion of the heat is
wasted. 2) The efficiency of converting heat to
work increases as the heat temperature increases.
5ENERGY UNITS AND USE
Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy
required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of
water by 1 ºF. cal (calorie) - the amount of
energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g
of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal)
is used. 1 Btu 252 cal 0.252 kcal 1 Btu
1055 J (joule) 1.055 kJ 1 cal 4.184 J
6Energy Units and Use
Two other units that are often seen are the
horsepower and the watt. These are not units of
energy, but are units of power. 1 watt (W)
3.412 Btu / hour 1 horsepower (hp) 746
W Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only
to describe electrical energy. Usually we use
kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.
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7EVALUATING ENERGY RESOURCES
- U.S. has 4.6 of world population uses 24 of
the worlds energy - 84 from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal,
natural gas) - 7 from nuclear power
- 9 from renewable sources (hydropower,
geothermal, solar, biomass).
8Changes in U.S. Energy Use
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9Energy resources removed from the earths crust
include oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium
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10FOSSIL FUELS
- originated from the decay of living organisms
millions of years ago, and account for about 80
of the energy generated in the U.S. - The fossil fuels used in energy generation are
- Natural gas, which is 70 - 80 methane (CH4)
- Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the
distillation of petroleum - Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a
H/C ratio of about 1
11PROBLEMS WITH FOSSIL FUELS
- Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
- At projected consumption rates, natural gas and
petroleum will be depleted before the end of the
21st century - Coal 400 years
- Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of
pollution - Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of
CO2, which contributes to global warming
121. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
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13OIL
Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within
the earth's crust and can be extracted by
drilling a well Crude oil complex liquid
mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S,
O, N impurities Formation of oil animation
14Sources of Oil
- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) -- 13 countries have 67 world reserves - Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
United Arab Emirates, Venezuela - Other important producersAlaska, Siberia,
Mexico.
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16Oil in U.S.
- 2.3 of world reserves
- 65 for transportation
- increasing dependence on imports.
- Google Earth visuals of oil consumption by country
17Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth,
they have discouraged / prevented improvements in
energy efficiency and alternative technologies
favoring renewable resources. Current cost of
crude oil
18Oil drilling
Deep water drilling
19Tar Sands and Keystone XL Pipeline
20OIL
Crude oil is transported to a refinery where
distillation produces petrochemicals
21Animation
221. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
23Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel
- Mixture
- 5090 Methane (CH4)
- Ethane (C2H6)
- Propane (C3H8)
- Butane (C4H10)
- Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
24Sources of Natural Gas
- Russia Kazakhstan - almost 40 of world's
supply. - Iran (15), Qatar (5), Saudi Arabia (4),
Algeria (4), United States (3), Nigeria (3),
Venezuela (3) - 9095 of natural gas in U.S. domestic (411,000
km 255,000 miles of pipeline).
25billion cubic metres
26NATURAL GAS
Experts predict increased use of natural gas
during this century
Kansas city owned cars run on natural gas
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28NATURAL GAS
When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and
butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) The rest of the gas (mostly
methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into
pressurized pipelines for distribution Liquefied
natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated
tanker ships Hydraulic Fracking Animation Coal
Fracking
291. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
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30COAL SUPPLY AND DEMAND
- Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical
formula cannot be written for it. - Coalification After plants died they underwent
chemical decay to form a product known as peat - Over many years, thick peat layers formed.
- Peat is converted to coal by geological events
such as land subsidence which subject the peat to
great pressures and temperatures.
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32RANKS OF COAL
Lignite A brownish-black coal of low quality
Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.
Subbituminous Black lignite, Energy content is
8,300 BTU/lb. Bituminous most common coal is
dense and black (Energy content about 10,500 Btu
/ lb. Anthracite A hard, black lustrous coal,
often referred to as hard coal, Energy content
of about 14,000 Btu/lb. Animation of how coal is
formed
www.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Hist20295/
Powerpoint5CCoal.ppt
33MAIN COAL DEPOSITS
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34COAL
- Coal gasification ? Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
- Coal liquefaction ? Liquid fuels
- Disadvantage
- High environmental impact (air pollution-black
lung disease)
35SULFUR IN COAL
- When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily
as sulfur dioxide (SO2 - serious pollutant) - Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from
coal include cleaning, solvent refining,
gasification, and liquefaction. Scrubbers are
installed at tops of factory exhaust pipes to
trap SO2 when coal is burned. - Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS2 or
CaSO4) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)
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37- Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and
nuclear power.
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38ACID MINE DRAINAGE
The impact of mine drainage on a lake after
receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings
impoundment for over 50 years
39Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment.
40MINE EFFLUENT DISCHARGING FROM THE BOTTOM OF A
WASTE ROCK PILE
411. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4.
Coal 5. Nuclear Energy
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42NUCLEAR ENERGY
- The process in a conventional nuclear power
plant - A controlled nuclear fission chain reaction
- Heats water
- Produce high-pressure steam
- Cause turbines to turn
- Generates electricity
43Nuclear Energy
- Controlled Fission Chain Reaction
- neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as
Uranium or Plutonium - release energy (heat)
44URANIUM
45Controlled Nuclear Fission Reaction
46www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter1415.ppt
47Radioactivity
- Radioactive decay continues until the original
isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is
not radioactive. - Radioactivity Nuclear changes in which unstable
(radioactive) isotopes emit particles energy
48Radioactivity
- Types of radiation
- Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2
neutrons, and therefore are positively charged - Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)
- Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form
of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays) - Sources of natural radiation
- Soil
- Rocks
- Air
- Water
- Cosmic rays
49Half-Life
The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a
radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to
form a different isotope. Half-time emitted
Uranium-235 710 million yrs alpha,
gamma Plutonium-239 24,000 yrs alpha,
gamma During operation, nuclear power plants
produce radioactive wastes, including some that
remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years.
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50Effects of Radiation
- Genetic damages from mutations in DNA.
- Genetic defects can become apparent in the next
generation or future generations. - Somatic damages to tissue, such as burns,
miscarriages cancers.
51Radioactive Waste
- 1. Low-level radiation
- Sources nuclear power plants, hospitals
universities - 1940 1970 most was dumped into the ocean
- Today- bury in deep layers of land
- 2. High-level radiation
- Fuel rods from nuclear power plants
- No agreement about a safe method of storage
52Radioactive Waste
- 1. Bury it deep underground.
- Problems i.e. earthquake, groundwater
- 2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.
- Problems costs, accident would affect large
area. - 3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.
- Problems long-term stability of ice is not
known, global warming - 4. Most likely plan for the US
- Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada
- Cost of over 50 billion
- 160 miles from Las Vegas
- Transportation across the country via train
truck
53Yucca Mountain
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EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
54Nuke UsArticle Forbes Magazine 1/25/12
55PLUTONIUM BREEDING
238U is the most plentiful isotope of
Uranium Non-fissionable - useless as
fuel Reactors can be designed to convert 238U
into a fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239Pu
56REPROCESS NUCLEAR FUEL
- During the operation of a nuclear reactor the
uranium runs out - Accumulating fission products hinder the proper
function of a nuclear reactor - Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year
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EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
57PLUTONIUM IN SPENT FUEL
- Spent nuclear fuel contains many newly formed
plutonium atoms - Miss out on the opportunity to split
- Plutonium in nuclear waste can be separated from
fission products and uranium - Cleaned Plutonium can be used in a different
Nuclear Reactor
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EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
58TURKEY POINT NUCLEAR PLANT- HOMESTEAD, FL
- Located on Biscayne Bay, 24 miles south of Miami
and just east of the Homestead area - Two nuclear power units
- the first unit began operation in 1972
- the second unit following in 1973
- Generates about 1,400 million watts of
electricity -- enough power to supply the annual
needs of more than 450,000 homes - Reactor manufacturer - Westinghouse
- Turbine Generator Manufacturer - Westinghouse
- A safe, reliable and a low-cost producer of
electricity
www.fpl.com- Turkey Point
59NUCLEAR ENERGY
- Concerns about the safety, cost, and liability
have slowed the growth of the nuclear power
industry - Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island
showed that a partial or complete meltdown is
possible
60Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.
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Energy20Use20-203.ppt
61Three Mile Island
- March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA
lost coolant water because of mechanical and
human errors and suffered a partial meltdown - 50,000 people evacuated another 50,000 fled
area - Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
- Partial cleanup damages cost 1.2 billion
- Released radiation increased cancer rates.
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623 mile island
63Chernobyl
- April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung
radioactive debris into atmosphere - Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths
- Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths
- About 400,000 people were forced to leave their
homes - 160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
- gt Half million people exposed to dangerous levels
of radioactivity - Cost of incident gt 358 billion
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64Chernobyl disaster
Chernobyl Radioactive wolves
National Geographic returns to the scene- 2006
65NUCLEAR ENERGY
- Nuclear plants must be decommissioned after 15-40
years - New reactor designs are still proposed
- Experimental breeder nuclear fission reactors
have proven too costly to build and operate - Attempts to produce electricity by nuclear fusion
have been unsuccessful
66Use of Nuclear Energy
- U.S. phasing out
- Some countries (France, Japan) investing
increasingly - U.S. currently 7 of energy nuclear
- No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978
- 40 of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to
be retired by 2015 and all by 2030 - North Korea is getting new plants from the US
- France 78 energy nuclear
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67Phasing Out Nuclear Power
- Multi-billion- construction costs
- High operation costs
- Frequent malfunctions
- False assurances and coverups
- Overproduction of energy in some areas
- Poor management
- Lack of public acceptance
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