Early Exploration SOL 4 a-f

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Early ExplorationSOL 4 a-f

• Chapter 3 4

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I. Technology-which aided exploration

• Mapsaccurate
• 2. Latitude/Longitude
• 3. Astrolabe/Compass
• 4. Ship Design

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II. Financing Exploration

• Subsidies
• 2. Joint Stock Company

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III. Economic Motive--Mercantilism

• The theory and system of political economy
  prevailing in Europe after the decline of
  feudalism, based on national policies of
  accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a
  merchant marine, and developing industry and
  mining to attain a favorable balance of trade.

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IV. Maintaining Wealth

• Balance of trade
• How to maintain balance of trade
• 1. Reduce imports with tariffs
• 2. Export finished products instead of raw
  materials
• 3. become self-sufficient

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V. Roles of a colony in the Mercantilist Theory

• Free or Cheap raw materials
• Labor source
• markets

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VI. Why people wanted to explore!

• 1. Gold
• 2. Glory
• 3. God

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Explorers from Spain

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella financed
  Columbus from Genoa. He wanted to get to Asia by
  sailing west. In Aug. of 1492, the Nina, Pinta,
  and Santa Maria set sail. On October 12, 1492,
  he landed on the island of San Salvador, but he
  thought he was in India. He named the are
  Indies and the people Indians

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Explorers of Spain Cond

• Major changes in culture due to the exchange of
  plants, animals, products, and diseases.
• Gold and silver mined in S. America helped Spain
  become a world power.

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Explorers of Spain Cond

• 4 days to the New World!!
• The diet changed because of new foods. Horses
  changed the life of the natives. But diseases
  especially smallpox wiped out the Natives of
  Spanish America.

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Explorers from Spain cont

• 1492Columbus
• 1513Vasco BalboaPanama Pacific
• 1579Magellannamed Pacific
• 1513Ponce de LeonFlorida
• CortesAztecs, Montezuma
• 1530Pizarro--Inca

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Christopher Columbus
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Vasco Balboa

• Spanish
• Explorer
• 1st to see
• Pacific Ocean

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Magellan

• Philippines
• Crew was the
• 1st to
• Circumnavigate
• The world

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Juan Ponce de Leon

• Florida

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Cortes

• Spanish
• Conquered
• Aztecs

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Pizarro

• Conquered
• the Incans

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Early Explorations

• Spain and Portugal often claimed the same lands.
  To solve conflict the Pope solved it by drawing a
  line down the Atlantic Ocean known as the Line of
  Demarcation. Portugal got everything to the east
  of the line and Spain to the west.

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• Spain and Portugal eventually signed a treaty
  moving the line a little more to the west.

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Explorers from Portugal

• Portugal has a
• prime location
• on the
• Atlantic Coast!!

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• Prince Henry the NavigatorSchool to train
  navigators
• Claimed the Azores Islands, established trade
  markets on the west coast of Africa (slave trade)

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Prince Henry the Navigator
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• Bartolomeu Dias (1488-Sailed around the Cape of
  Good Hope)

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Vasco da Gama

• (1498-Cape-India-back)

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• Pedro Alvares Cabral (1500-Brazil) Sugar
  Plantationsthe Spanish acknowledged his claim
  (the coast is east of the line, but the majority
  of the country is west of the line)

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• Finding these direct routes to the riches of the
  East not only saved time but moneythey could buy
  direct instead of dealing with the Arabs and the
  Italians

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Other Famous Explorers

• 1497-1503Amerigo Vespucci (Florence) realized
  the area Columbus discovered was not Asia, but
  was a New World. (A German actually named the
  land after him)

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• 1513Vasco Nunez de Balboacrossed the Isthmus of
  Panama and saw an ocean. He named it the South
  Sea (Now the Pacific Ocean)he sailed for Spain

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• 1519Ferdinand Magellansailed south along the
  coast of South America, passed through the
  southern strait (now named for him) and saw a
  very large, calm ocean. He named it the
  Pacific meaning passive. He eventually reached
  the Philippines where he died in battle, but the
  crew made it back1st to circum navigate!! He
  was Portuguese but sailed for Spain!

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TRADE

• Portugal with Asia
• Portugal moved into East Indiesthen China,
  Japan, and the island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
• Small trade compared to Brazil where plantations
  had been set up for sugar exports

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Trade Cond

• Large labor cropneeds a large labor forcewhere
  are you going to get the workers??? Portugal
  goes to Africa
• At first--friendly as the interest in the slave
  trade grew gradually. Slaves were eventually
  transported to colonies.

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Triangular Trade

• 1. Goods shipped to Africa for slaves who were
  captured by African tribes and brought to the
  West Coast.

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Triangular Trade Cond

• 2. The Middle Passage-the time while the slaves
  were on the Atlantic
• Most brutal part of the triangle
• Slaves chained in overcrowded areas in the bottom
  of the ship
• Little food or water
• No provision for sanitation and many died

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Triangular Trade Cond

• 1500s2,000 slaves/year transported
• 1780s80,000/year

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Triangular Trade cont

• 3. Goods would be purchased in America for
  slaves and the goods (raw materials) brought home
  and made into products that could be taken to
  Africa and traded for slaves
• Africas population rapidly declined
• Some African kingdoms did rise in rebellion to
  the Europeans to protest slavery

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• African slavery was different from European
  slavery
• It varied from voluntary service to enforced
  captivity of POWs
• Children of enslaved women were often considered
  free because often their fathers were free
• Slaves were allowed to buy their freedom
• They were treated as people with a role in
  society

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Why Africans turned on neighbors to aid in
slavery

• To
• Obtain
• Weapons/
• goods
• To avoid
• being
• the victim

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Portugal Falls Apart

• 1. Weak governmentno control over officials at
  home or abroad
• 2. Population declinedso many people were
  sailorsgovt sent youngest, strongest males
  poor shipsmany were destroyed about ½ of those
  who went out returned
• 3. Spain took over Portugal until 1640

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The Spanish Empire

• Empire mostly in Americas and Philippines
• Exploration
• Juan Ponce De LeonFlorida 1513

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• Hernando CortesAztecsdefeated Montezuma and
  destroyed city of Tenochtitlan (today Mexico
  City) Easy defeat due to horses and guns
• Franco Pizarro1530 into Peru and destroyed the
  Inca

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The Spanish Empire cont

• Spain established settlements where other
  European powers used the colonies for trade.
  Spain established governments with
  viceroysrepresentatives to the monarch

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• To oppress the natives and slavesencomienda
  system-the right to demand laborslavery
• Spain got mineral wealth from colonies, but
  killed many natives from disease. They had to
  begin importing slaves to compensate.

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• No foreigners were allowed in Spanish
  colonieswealth was appealing to other countries.
• Treasure ships were a target and England as well
  as other powers encouraged piracy and even
  established colonies in the New World.

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Other colonies

• Portuguese, Dutch, and British established
  trading companies along the coast of Africa,
  India, and Asia
• Portuguese and Spaindeveloped a few colonies in
  the New World

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• Result an exchange of products and resources
  between the Eastern and Western
  HemispheresColumbian Exchange

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• Western Hemisphere provided agricultural
  products such as corn, potatoes and tobacco
• Eastern Hemisphere provided horses, cattle,
  disease esp. smallpox (deadliest disease for the
  indigenous population)

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Spanish Social Classes

• Peninsularespeople born in Spainhighest
  positions
• CreolesAmerican born descendants of Spanish
  settlersowned most of the land

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• Mixed PeoplesMestizosNative American and
  European mixed MulattosAfrican and European
  mixed
• Native American and Africans

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English Exploration

• The power and wealth of Spain often attracted
  pirates especially from rival countries such as
  England
• England often encouraged piracy Sea dogs
• Sir Francis Drakeknighted for his daring raids

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English Exploration cont.

• English also looked for a route to India
• Henry Hudsonsailed for the Dutch (1609)/
  EnglandHudson Bay

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• John CabotItalian captain commissioned by
  England to sail around North America 1497-1498
  explored the coasts of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia
  and New England gave England a claim to the New
  World

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• European nations did not acknowledge the line of
  demarcation

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France

• Jacques Cartier1534-1541sailed up the St.
  Lawrence River up to the present day city of
  Montrealgave the French a claim to the New World

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• Samuel de Champlain1608established the first
  permanent settlement at Quebec

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• Robert La Sallesailed down the Mississippi to
  the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the entire inland
  region of North America for France named it
  Louisiana for King Louis XIV

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