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From the Beginning

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Title: From the Beginning


1
From the Beginning
  • Chapter 1

2
In the beginning
  • Some 225 million year ago, the earth had one main
    chunk of land (Pangaea) which later drifted
    apart.
  • How do we know?- Science has found nearly
    identical species of animals thousands of miles
    away from one another
  • The current geographical shape was anchored in
    the NE by the CANADIAN SHEILD- massive rock that
    most likely was the first land to emerge from the
    sea in North America

3
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4
Its Cold In Here
  • During the last ice age, glaciers extended well
    into what would become the US
  • The melting, retreating glaciers helped to fill
    such land features as the Great Lakes and helped
    to flatten much of the North (Indiana)
  • Due to lower water levels, it is believed that
    the first humans to come to NA followed big game
    across the land bridge- BERINGIA which connected
    Eurasia and NA.

5
http//www.thefurtrapper.com/images/Beringia.jpg
6
Great American Civilizations
  • When waters rose, the inhabitants were on their
    own
  • By the time Columbus sailed, there were an
    estimated 54 million people in the Americas which
    established as many as 2000 separate languages
    and tribes
  • The INCAS, MAYANS, and AZTECS established
    advanced civilizations in what is today Mexico
    and South America

7
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8
Good Ole Corn on the Cob
  • Once the early civilizations were able to
    domesticate crops (mainly MAIZE- Indian Corn),
    hunter and gathers began to settle which allowed
    for advancement
  • The PUEBLO developed irrigation systems to carve
    a life out of the arid Southwest
  • Corns expansion took time and as a result no
    NATION-STATES (small nations) comparable to the
    Aztecs and Incas developed outside of Mexico by
    the time the Europeans came

9
Closer to Home
  • Mound Builders of the Ohio River Valley,
    Mississippian culture, and the Anasazi did
    develop large settlements
  • CAHOKIA, near modern day St. Louis, MO, was the
    largest in what will become the U.S. with as many
    people as 25,000
  • The Anasazi developed Chaco Canyon with more than
    600 integrated rooms
  • All of these cultures, probably because of
    drought, declined by 1300 C.E.

10
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11
Three Sisters Farming
  • Advancement in farming, such as THREE SISTERS
    FARMING (with the blending of farm lands and
    better moisture management) larger civilizations
    developed in the Southeast- Creek, Choctaw, and
    Cherokee

12
Iroquois
  • Located in the northeastern woodlands
  • Closest thing to a Aztec / Inca like civilization
  • The leader HIAWATHA helped to create the
    IROQUOIUS CONFEDERACY
  • The LEAGUE OF THE IROQUOIS (whites name) were
    the main power in the northeast and menaced their
    neighbors- both Native and Europeans
  • FIVE NATIONS OF IROQUOIS- Mohawks, Oneidas,
    Onodagas, Cayu, and Senecas
  • Although they worked with each other, they were
    still independent
  • Through out colonization, they aligned with the
    French against the English and the English
    against the French (They were playing the sides
    against each other)
  • When the American Revolution broke out, the
    Iroquois Confederacy could not decided as a whole
    to support so each tribe made their own decision
  • Most sided with the British
  • When the British lost, the Confederacy was in
    left in tatters and was split

13
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14
Indirect Discovers of the New World
  • The Norse Men came upon the north-eastern should
    of NA in 1000 C.E.
  • Eric the Red was a Viking that started a
    settlement in Greenland
  • Leif Ericson, (a son of Eric the Red) thought to
    be first European in North America
  • The Crusades- Knights of Europe repeatedly
    attempted to gain control of the Holy Lands- most
    often they failed but the desire to get Asia
    goods will later lead them to sail this way
  • MARCO POLOs account of Asia help fuel the fire
    for these exotic items

15
Africa First to Go
  • By 1450, the Portuguese (the leaders of marine
    exploration) developed the CARAVEL (a ship that
    could sail better into strong, Northerly wind)
    which opened the West African coast
  • Slavery was already used between Arabs and
    Africans before Europe got involved
  • The Portuguese built their own systematic
    traffic of slaves to work sugar plantations
  • In the last 1/2 of the 15th century- some 40,000
    slaves were taken

16
The Indies
  • Portugal kept pushing down the dark continent
  • 1498, Vasco da Gama finally reached India

17
The Perfect Storm
  • The perfect storm- The Renaissance (Rebirth) in
    the 14th century spawned an ambitious spirit of
    optimism and adventure, and the Printing Press
    (GUTENBERG) helped to expand scientific
    knowledge, the taking of Africa meant needed to
    look elsewhere
  • Improvements in mapmaking, navigation, and new
    ships allowed them to be able travel further
    distances
  • The compass helped to keep ships on track

18
Spain Ferdinand and Isabella
  • Monarchs of Spain
  • Christopher Columbus (Italian) convinced F I to
    give him to sail
  • An all water route to the West Indies was
    preferable to the treacherous all-land route
    (tough terrain and high taxes, etc.)
  • Despite near mutiny, he arrived in the Bahamas on
    October 12, 1492
  • Epic Fail?- His real goal was to find an all
    water route to the Indies
  • He thought he was there- hence- Indians

19
Columbian Exchange
  • Brought four continents together Europe, Africa,
    North and South America
  • COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE- Because of his trip, a major
    exchange of goods, services, diseases, and ideas
    took place between the New and Old World which
    became known as the Columbian Exchange

20
PAGE 396
21
Columbian Exchange
Americas to Europe Europe to Americas
Potatoes Tomatoes Sugar, Tea, Coffee
Maize, (Corn) Horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, rats
Tobacco Diseases (smallpox, measles, whooping cough, bubonic plague, malaria, yellow fever )
Chocolate Asian cockroaches, Japanese beetle
22
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23
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24
Native American Culture
  • Way of life varied based on location Farmers,
    Nomadic, etc. Not all Native Americans are the
    same
  • Organized by kinship groups Clans and tribes
  • Followed religious rituals and believed in
    earthly spirits and forces Believed in multiple
    spirits of the earth such as wind, fire, rain,
    etc.
  • Oral History and tradition
  • Used barter system across regions
  • BELIEVED LAND SHOULD NOT AND COULD NOT BE OWNED-
    It was everybodys

25
European World
  • Strongly influenced by the Catholic Church (Later
    the Church of England will have influence)
  • Feudalism (during middle ages) People worked the
    land in exchange for services and protection
    Kept people tied to the land
  • Nation-states begin to form controlled by
    monarchs (kings and queens)
  • Experimentation during Renaissance, Humanism
    (focused on the needs, desires, and wants of
    people)

26
European Culture Continued
  • Protestant Churches- Different Christian sects
    began to form
  • Wanted to spread CHRISTIANITY, find markets and
    raw RESOURCES, and valued EXPLORATION GOD, GOLD,
    and GLORY

27
Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese)
  • Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern tip
    of South America.
  • His crew made the first round trip around the
    world. His ship the Victoria made it around the
    world.
  • He named the Pacific Ocean because it was so
    peaceful.

Picture Credit http//www.mariner.org/age/magella
n.html
28
Amerigo Vespucci
  • Amerigo Vespucci
  • He wanted to find a star above the South pole to
    help sailors navigate.
  • He never found the star, but he did help map
    3,300 miles of land in South America.
  • America was named after him.

Picture Credit http//www.esd.k12.ca.us/Matsumoto
/TM30/history/Explorers/vespmap.html
29
Treaty of Tordesillas
  • Many times, both Spain and Portugal claimed the
    same areas of land
  • Pope Alexander gave an order- he drew an
    imaginary line and the land west of the line were
    Spain's and the lands east were Portugal
  • Later this line was extended to the west and
    became known as the Treaty of Tordesillas
  • So what?- Explains why Brazil speaks Portuguese
    and the majority of SA speaks Spanish

30
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31
The Slave Trade
  • Europeans attempted to enslave Native Americans
    but that did not work well? Why?
  • Europeans started to depend on African slaves to
    fill the need
  • By the 1600s, the trading of slaves was the chief
    focus of European relations with Africa
  • Portion between Africa and the Americas was known
    as the Middle Passage
  • Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
    was known as the Triangular Trade

32
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33
Spanish and Dutch Empires
34
Encomienda
  • System established in the Caribbean
  • It allowed the government to commend or give
    Natives to colonists if they promised to baptize
    them (Pg. 18) AKA- SLAVERY

35
Ponce de Leon
  • He went with Christopher Columbus on his 2nd
    voyage in 1493. He stayed there and became the
    1st European to live on the mainland of North
    America.
  • He was Looking for the fountain of youth
  • He found Puerto Rico and became governor there.
  • He also found Florida and named it "Pascua de
    Florida" (feast of flowers) after a Spanish
    Easter holiday because he found Florida on Easter!

36
Hernando De Soto
  • He Sailed for Spain
  • His time in the USA was spent exploring Florida
    down to Mexico looking for gold.
  • He did find the Mississippi River.

37
Francisco Coronado
  • He spent his time looking for the 7 cities of
    gold!
  • He was considered a failure because he didnt
    find gold, but laid claim of entire Southwest for
    Spain
  • Grand Canyon

http//www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers/spanishexplorer
s.htm
38
Hernando Cortes
  • Hernando Cortes came to Mexico.
  • He was a Spanish Conquistador (conquerors)
  • The Aztecs thought he might be a god since he was
    the 1st white person they had ever seen and he
    was traveling on the back of deer(Pg. 19) so
    they sent gifts- only encouraged Cortes
  • The Aztecs attacked on noche triste (sad night)-
    June 30, 1520 and forced the Spaniards back
  • Hernando Cortes laid seize to the capital-
    Tenochtitlan and due to superior and disease
    conquered it and the Aztecs on August 13, 1521.
  • The Emperor Montezuma was killed in 1520.

Picture Credit http//www.pwcs.edu/i-tech/resourc
es/tlcf/EarlyExploration/hernando_cortes.htm
39
Francisco Pizarro
  • Spanish Conquistador
  • He explored Peru.
  • Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas and stole
    their gold and silver.

Picture Credit http//www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers
/spanishexplorers.htm
40
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41
Mercantilism
  • Economic and political changes linked overseas
    expansion to a new economic theory
  • Mercantilism stated that a countrys government
    should do all it could to increase the countrys
    wealth, which was measured by the amount of
    bullion (gold and silver) they had.
  • To get wealth, one had to take from other
    countries
  • CAPITALISM- Was also established due to the
    increase in the silver supply as a result of the
    explorations

42
Commercial Revolution
  • The changes in ways of doing business led to the
    Commercial Revolution
  • During this time period, individuals would join
    together to form joint-stock companies- people
    would buy shares and become owners in the hopes
    of finding similar success (England)- Jamestown

43
Spread of the Spanish
  • Due to stories of Coronados exploits, the
    Spanish crept north
  • Battle of Acoma- the Spanish conquered and abused
    (cut one foot off)a large number of Pueblo and
    established the area as a province of New Mexico
    and made the capital Santa Fe in 1610
  • The Spanish found little in the way of gold or
    furs, so they attempted to convert the Natives to
    Christianity (often times violently)
  • This led to Popes Rebellion in 1680
  • The Pueblo destroyed every Catholic Church and
    killed preists and hundreds of Spanish settlers
  • Would take around 50 years before Spain regain
    control

44
Mestizos
  • The Spanish brought their customs, laws, and
    culture to Mexico and the American Southwest
  • They intermarried with the surviving Indians and
    the result was the MESTIZOS- people with mixed
    Indian and European heritage and blood

45
GOD, GOLD, GLORY
  • Remember the easy way to summarize the desires of
    the Spanishs exploration (and later other
    countries)is GOD, GOLD, and GLORY

46
England and France Come Calling
47
John Cabot
  • At age 16, he began studying sailing and mapping.
  • He moved to England and got the King to support
    his exploration.
  • He is important because his exploration for
    England gave England the right to the eastern
    portion of what would become the USA.

Picture Credit http//www.heritage.nf.ca/explorat
ion/cabot.html
48
ROBERT LaSALLE (FRENCH)
  • Mainly French explored Indiana first
  • Vincennes- First permanent settlement in 1732
  • Explored the Mississippi River down to New
    Orleans
  • Help France lead FUR TRADE

49
SIR FRANCIS DRAKE (ENGLAND)
  • Weakened Spanish Armada- Nearly invincible
    Spanish Navy
  • Attacked Spains St. Augustine, FL- Oldest
    permanent settlement in U.S.A

50
SIR WALTER RALEIGH (ENGLAND)
  • Attempted to set up colony at Roanoke- 2nd
    attempted failed because the inhabitants
    disappeared
  • Opened the door for later English colonies

51
HENRY HUDSON (ENGLAND)
  • Explored for Northwest Passage- Found Hudson Bay
  • During return mutiny broke out and he was cast
    off ship- never seen again
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