2nd Semester Exam

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2nd Semester Exam
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Excessive Military Spending to Defend the Empire
Theories on the Fall of Rome

• Defending the borders from attacks was a constant
  drain on the government. Spending for this
  protection left little resources for public
  housing and maintaining the quality of public
  roads.

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Political Corruption

• Romans never created an efficient system as to
  how the emperor would be selected and eventually
  the emperor became the highest bidder.
• Inferior Technology
• Romans relied so heavily on human and animal
  labor and were, therefore, unable to produce
  goods efficiently

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Inflation

• Once Romans stopped conquering lands, gold
  stopped flowing into the city. Gold eventually
  lost its value and people were forced to barter
  for their goods.
• Unemployment
• farmers who had to pay workmen could not produce
  goods as cheaply as farmers who had slaves. They
  couldnt compete with the low prices, so they
  lost or sold their farms

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Urban Decay

• Many Romans were not rich, which caused a problem
  as apartment costs were expensive. Anyone who
  could not pay for living quarters were forced to
  live on the streets.
• Declines in Morals and Values
• Romans became passionate for cruelty. Their most
  popular form of entertainment was watching the
  gladiatorial combats in the Coliseum

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Barbarian Invasions

• When the Romans fought a civil war in Italy,
  their borders were left open for attack.
  Gradually, Germanic hunters and herders began to
  raid and take over Roman land.
• Environmental and Public Health Problems
• Some historians claim that leaders of Rome were
  killed off by consuming excessive amounts of lead

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Rise in Christianity

• Historians theorize that money that would have
  been used to maintain the Empire, instead, was
  used to build churches and monasteries.

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Christianity

• Constantine made Christianity the official
  religion of the Roman Empire.
• Pax Romana
• Augustus introduced the Pax Romana, a time of
  peace and unity for the Empire

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Octavian

• After Caesars death, power shared by Marc
  Antony, Lepidus and Octavian
• Civil War broke out between Antony and Cleopatra
  and Octavian
• Octavian won naval victory at Actium in 31 B.C.
• When Antony was defeated and Egypt was made a
  Roman province, he and Cleopatra committed
  suicide to avoid being paraded through Rome as
  captives

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Octavian

• Octavian became absolute ruler of Rome he was
  given the title Augustus (honored)
• As Romes First Citizen, Augustus ended the
  expansion of the Empire at its defensible
  boundaries English Channel, Rhine, Danube and
  Euphrates rivers, and the Sahara desert

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Romans assigned standard sequence of columns for
multistoried buildings
upper level Corinthian Columnsmost ornamental
and fragile
mid level Ionic Columns
lowest level Doric Columnsstrongest columns
for support
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This system of loyalty and protection called
feudalism worked from...
Feudal Society
King
Lords
Knights
Serfs
top to bottom
bottom to top
and
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• The disease spread due to trade with Asia.
• Rats aboard ships from Asia carried fleas
  infected with the disease.

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• Middle Ages- Period of history between the fall
  of Rome and the beginning of modern time
• Magna Carta- Document signed by Englands King
  John in 1215 that guaranteed English people basic
  rights.
• Guild- Organization that protected workers
  rights, set wages and prices, and settled
  disputes.
• Feudalism- Social system in which peasants
  worked on a lords land and supplied him with
  food in exchange for his protection of them

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Contributions of Middle Ages
Gothic architecture
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growth of the Christian Church
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unique inventions
draw bridge
windmill
use of water power
steel plow
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education
development of universities
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Symptoms of Bubonic Plague

• Showed strange black swellings about the size of
  an egg or apple in the armpits.
• The swellings oozed blood pus and were followed
  by the spreading of black blotches and sores on
  the skin from internal bleeding.
• The sick suffered severe pain and died within 5
  days of the first symptoms.
• In 5 years, 1347-1351, the disease killed about
  1/3rd of the population, or 25 million people

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People of the Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci
1452-1505
The perfect Renaissance man
mathematician
scientist
inventor
artist
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mathematician
saw the importance of mathematics in determining
the correct proportions in the figures he drew
included proportions of animals as well as people
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A Study in Proportions
famous drawing of the human figure
a perfect architectural combination of the square
and circle
the most complete visual statement of the harmony
between mathematics and nature
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scientist, inventor
worlds first scientific illustrator
drew the first cars, bicycles, machine guns, tanks
fascinated with flying machines, submarines, war
machines
drew 5,000 pages of technical drawings in
notebooks to improve his paintings
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artist
Mona Lisa
possibly the worlds most famous painting
Mona - an Italian contraction of
ma donna, my lady
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Michelangelo Buonarroti
1475-1564
Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci were intense
rivals.
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Pietà
created in his 20s
depicts young Mary holding her dead son, Christ,
in her arms
an admiring spectator disbelieved someone so
young could create the Pietà
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An angry Michelangelo returned at night and
chiseled his name on the sculpture, the only work
he ever signed.
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David, the biblical work that made Michelangelo
world famous
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Sistine Chapel
commissioned by the Pope to paint the chapel
ceiling
created under the worst of working conditions
painted more than 4 years on his back, 60 ft. in
the air
illustrates biblical story of Genesis
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Pope Julius II
1443-1513
Pope Julius hired Michelangelo to repaint the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
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Sandro Botticelli
1445-1510 One of the most influential painters of
the Italian Renaissance. Most famous painting is
The Birth of Venus
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William Shakespeare

• 15641616
• The most widely admired and influential dramatist
  and poet in the history of the Western
  Civilization.
• Famous plays
• Romeo and Juliet
• Hamlet

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Nicolaus Copernicus

• 1473-1543
• First to conclude that the Earth revolved around
  the sun, instead of being the center of the
  universe.

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Sir Issac Newton

• 1643--1727
• Thought to be the greatest scientific genius of
  all time.
• Famous for the law of gravity and law of motion

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Galileo Galilei

• 1564--1642
• Italian scientist who formulated the basic law of
  falling bodies.
• He constructed a telescope with which he studied
  lunar craters, and discovered four moons
  revolving around Jupiter

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Johann Gutenberg

• 1398-1468
• German goldsmith who invented the moveable-type
  printing press.
• Allowed books to be printed much faster and in
  many languages.

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Africa

• The bodies of water that surround Africa
  are Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and
  Mediterranean Sea

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Africas Diversity and Uniformity

• Diversity
• Climate ranges from desert to savannah
  (grasslands) to tropical rainforest
• Over 1,000 distinct ethnic groups and languages
• Religions include indigenous, African, Islam,
  Christianity, and others
• Long history of trade in large cities and farming
  in rural areas

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• Uniformity
• Share many cultural values such as respect for
  elders and communal raising of children
• Religions unify many Africans
• Most Africans are influenced by European
  colonialism, live in countries based on colonial
  borders, and speak western-colonial languages
  (such as English and French)

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Heritages

• Indigenous
• Traditional African culture
• Traditional religion
• Languages
• Music
• Kinship
• Village councils

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• Western Heritage
• Brought from Europe through trade starting in the
  sixteenth century and continued throughout the
  colonial era 1880s -1960s
• Brought industrialization
• European languages
• Established national borders

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Traditional Religions of China

• Chinese culture has been influenced by three
  religions.
• Confucianism
• Taoism
• Buddhism
• Sometimes referred to as The Three Ways

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Traditional Religions of China

• Each religion plays a special role in shaping
  personal behavior, family life, government, art
  and even science in China.

Different religions have been tolerated
throughout Chinas history.
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Confucianism

• Founded by Kung Fu Zi
• Kung Fu Zi was a government worker during a
  failing Zhou (JOE) Dynasty.
• Confucius believed people should return to the
  ways of the past so society would be peaceful
  again.
• How was society to become peaceful again?

Follow the Li or proper behavior
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Li

• There are 5 Key Relationships in Confucionism.
• 1. Ruler/Subject
• 2. Parent/Child
• 3. Husband/Wife
• 4. Older sibling/younger sibling
• 5. friend/friend
• Confucians practiced Filial Piety or respect for
  ones elders

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Confucianism

• Today in China, Confucianism influences the
  government because there has never been a
  democracy. There has always been a few rulers in
  charge.

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Taoism

• Founder is Laozi
• Believe people can find happiness by following
  The Tao, which means to be part of nature and
  learn how to act by watching nature.

Tao pronounced DOW
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• Yin and Yang opposite forces of nature. Taoist
  think good and bad are connected and accept all
  things.

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Taoism

• Against government. Believed rulers should
  practice wuwei or acting by not acting.
• Leaders should help people achieve what they
  naturally want.

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Taoism

• Taoism affects China today. People still
  practice Wuwei to help them get through tough
  times. They simply wait for the bad times to
  pass.

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Taoism

• Chinese paintings often show calm mountains and
  violent storms to represent Yin and Yang.

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Buddhism Main Ideas

• Founder is Sidhartha Guatama
• 4 Noble Truths
• Life is Suffering
• Suffering comes from desire
• To get rid of suffering get rid of desire
• To get rid of desire follow the 8 fold path

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8 fold Path

• Called the Middle Way
• Knowing the Truth
• Trying to resist Evil
• Saying nothing to hurt others
• Respecting life, morality (what is right), and
  property
• Holding a job that does not injure others
• Trying to free ones mind of evil
• Controlling ones thoughts and feelings
• Practicing proper forms of concentration

Enlightenment
Follow the Path to
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• Buddhism became a religion and was spread to Asia
  after Buddhas death

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• The communist government did not like Buddhism
  and tried to stop people from practicing.

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• Since the 1970s Chinas government has allowed a
  few temples to reopen.

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Apartheid

• An official policy of racial separation formerly
  practiced in South Africa

Nelson Mandela

• The leader of the African National Congress and
  first black president of South Africa

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What is the governing body of South Africa
Called? Who is their leader?

• African National Congress is the governing body
• Nelson Mandela is their leader

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Egypt
Chad
Ethiopia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
South Africa
Zimbabwe
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What type of government ruled Austria-Hungary
during WWI?

• Dual Monarchy

What was the most common type of government
around 1900?

• Constitutional Monarchy

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World War I Alliances

• Central Powers
• Austria-Hungary
• Germany
• Turkey
• Bulgaria

• The Allies
• Russia (dropped out of war in 1917 due to a
  revolution in their country)
• France
• Great Britain
• Italy (originally had an alliance with Germany
  and Austria-Hungary, but joined the allies after
  the war began.)
• United States (joined in 1917)

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Treaty of Versailles

• Ended WWI
• The Treaty of Versailles demanded that Germany
  pay for the damages done to the Allied countries
• Germany also had to give up valuable territory

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Nationalism

• A strong pride in ones country or ethnic group

Who did Adolf Hitler blame for his countrys
financial problems?

• The Jews

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What is NATO and what is its purpose?

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO
  was formed in 1949 included countries of
  Western Europe, US, Canada.
• Agreed to defend one another if they were
  attacked by the Soviet Union or any other
  country.

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What was the date that Japan bombed Pearl Harbor?

• December 7, 1941

What is the Marshall Plan?

• The Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, or the
  Marshall Plan, offered US aid of agriculture,
  industry, finances to Western Europe.

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What was the Maastricht Treaty?

• 1992, the Maastricht Treaty introduced new forms
  of cooperation between member state governments,
  the European Union was formed.

What is a common market?

• A common market means that trade and travel
  barriers between countries have been removed.

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When was the EU formed?

• 1993

What is its purpose?

• all countries are committed to the same
  fundamental values.
• Peace, democracy, the rule of law, respect for
  human rights.
• Membership in the European Union helps the
  economy and government of each member country.

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Who was the father of communism?

• Karl Marx

What is a command economy?

• The government decides how many of which goods
  are produced and sets the prices

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What is a market economy?

• An economy that allows business owners to compete
  in the market with little government interference.

What is socialism?

• An economic system in which businesses and
  industries are owned collectively by the
  government.

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What is communism?

• A political system in which property is owned
  collectively and labor is organized in a way that
  is supposed to benefit all people.

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