INTRINSIC MOTIVATION: FUELING THE PASSION

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INTRINSIC MOTIVATION FUELING THE PASSION

• Damon Burton
• University of Idaho

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INTRINSIC MOTIVATIONDEFINED

• Intrinsic motivation engaging in an activity
  for its own sake, particularly the pleasure and
  satisfaction derived from playing.
• For example, a girl who skis because of the fun
  she has doing what she wants, challenging herself
  by trying new things and being with her friends
  skiing new powder on the mountain.

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COMPONENTS OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

• Competence feeling talented and skilled,
• Autonomy in control, self-determining, doing
  what you want, and
• Relatedness feeling connected and enjoying
  relationships with others.

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EXTRINSIC MOTIVATIONDEFINED

• Extrinsic motivation engaging in behaviors in
  order to attain contingent outcomes beyond of the
  activity itself (i.e., rewards, fame, prestige,
  etc)
• For example, a boy plays basketball to be
  recognized, get their names in the paper and win
  a college scholarship.

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SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY (SDT)

• SDT describes the social factors that will
  promote intrinsic motivation and internalized
  forms of extrinsic motivation.
• Autonomy is necessary to attain true competence
  and relatedness.
• SDT describes how extrinsic rewards will
  influence intrinsic motivation.

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SELF DETERMINATION CONTINUUM
1 2 3
4 5
Low
High
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Amotivation

• Amotivation
• External Regulation
• 3. Introjected Regulation
• 4. Identified Regulation
• 5. Intrinsic Motivation

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AMOTIVATION

• Amotivation refers to lack of intentionality or
  absence of motivation.
• High amotivation prompts feelings of incompetence
  and low expectancies due to the belief that
  success is uncontrollable.

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EXTERNAL REGULATIONEXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

• External regulation (EM-ER) - refers to behavior
  that is regulated through external means such as
  rewards and constraints.
• For example, an athlete might go to practice
  because she wants to play in the game tomorrow.

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INTROJECTED REGULATIONEXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

• Introjected Regulation (EM-IR) --individuals
  begin to internalize the reasons for their
  actions.
• Behavior not self-determined because they
  experience self-imposed pressure through guilt
  and anxiety.
• For example, athletes go to practice because they
  feel guilty if they miss a session.

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IDENTIFIED REGULATION EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

• EM-IR emitted out of choice.
• Under EM-IR, athletes highly value the activity,
  judge it to be important and choose to engage in
  it.
• For example, a soccer player doesnt enjoy weight
  training but lifts to become a better player.

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INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

• IM involves engaging in an activity for the
  pleasure and satisfaction gained from attempting
  to accomplish or create something, surpass your
  previous performance, learn something or
  experience pleasant sensations (i.e., sensory and
  aesthetic pleasure).
• For example, a tennis player who works on his
  serve for the pleasure they experience while
  trying to hit an ace.

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HIERARCHICAL INTRINSIC MOTIVATION MODEL
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MOTIVATION AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON

• The impact of social factors on motivation is
  mediated by perceptions of competence, autonomy
  and relatedness.
• Motivation is not influenced by social factors
  directly.
• The way individuals interpret social factors
  depends how they facilitate their needs for
  competence, autonomy and relatedness.
• Individuals are motivated to engage in activities
  to meet these needs.

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SOCIAL FACTORS REDUCING INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

• Social factors reducing intrinsic motivation
  include competition, evaluation/feedback and
  rewards.
• Competition reduces IM
• Winning and playing well enhances IM whereas
  losing and playing poorly lowers IM.
• Positive feedback increases IM while negative
  feedback reduces IM.
• Rewards can both raise and lower IM in different
  situations.

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LEPPER GREENE (1968) REWARD STUDY

• Baseline 1 monitored amount of time
  preschoolers played with markers during free-play
  time
• Expected Reward Group promised reward
  received one
• Unexpected Reward Group not promised reward but
  received one
• Control Group not promised reward and didnt
  receive one.
• Baseline 2 monitored time played with markers
  during free-play time.

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HOW DO REWARDS IMPACT INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

• Reward impact not determined by number or size of
  rewards.
• Impact determined by message behind the reward.
• How well does the reward enhance perceptions of
  competence, autonomy and relatedness?

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC
MOTIVATION

• EM IM TOTAL MOTIVATION (TM)
• IM TM
• EM
• IM TM
• If EM lowers perceived competence, autonomy
  and/or relatedness, IM and TM decline.
• If EM increases perceived competence, autonomy
  and/or relatedness, IM and TM improve.

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REWARDS PROMOTING INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

• Contingent Rewards received for attaining a
  standard of excellence (e.g., trophy for winning
  a tourney)
• Noncontingent Rewards no standard of excellence
  (e.g., winning lottery)
• Contingent rewards normally increase IM because
  they increase feelings of competence and
  autonomy.
• Noncontingent rewards reduce IM.

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PERCEPTIONS KEY HOW MESSAGE INTERPRETED

• How athletes perceive the reason rewards are
  given is the key to IM.
• Autonomy is necessary to develop strong
  competence and relatedness.
• If rewards are view as controlling, it lowers
  feelings of competence and relatedness too,
  reducing IM.
• If rewards are viewed as informational about
  competence, autonomy and IM must be high as well.

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FACTORS PROMOTING INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

• Autonomy support from coaches, parents and
  peers,
• The competitive structure of the league (i.e.,
  varsity versus intramural sports)
• Motivational climate mastery versus outcome

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUTONOMY COMPETENCE

• Increased competence requires 2 critical
  objectives be met.
• Achieving consistent success at challenging
  tasks,
• taking credit for success due to
  personally-controllable factors.
• How should success be defined to best meet these
  criteria? Task/mastery or ego/performance?

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• The
• End