The Cold War

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The EarlyCold War1945-1960
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The Ideological Struggle
Soviet Eastern Bloc Nations
US the Western Democracies
GOAL ? spread world-wide Communism
GOAL ? Containment of Communism the eventual
collapse of the Communist world.

• METHODOLOGIES
• Espionage KGB vs. CIA
• Arms Race nuclear escalation
• Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
  of Third World peoples ? proxy wars
• Bi-Polarization of Europe NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

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A.Roots of the Cold War
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Shaping of the Post-War World

• The 2 sides disagreed what model the world should
  follow
• Yalta violated by both sides

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The Bipolarization of Europe

• West takes after the U.S.
• East takes after the Soviet Union

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The Iron Curtain

• Divide between Eastern Western Europe

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
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Partition of Germany

• 4 zones of influence after WWII
• Soviet Union wanted to punish Germany for WWII
• US ( Allies) wanted to rebuild

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B.Containment
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George Kennan The Long Telegram Article X

• U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union
• 1946 writes the Long Telegram and later
  Article X
• To Truman the Soviets are expanding they must
  be contained

The Soviets ideology is the outside world was
hostile and that it was their duty eventually to
overthrow the political forces beyond their
borders
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Truman Doctrine 1947

• Containment stopping the spread of Communism,
  but not eliminating it from countries that
  already are communist
• 1947 Greece and Turkey under threat of communist
  parties
• The U. S. should support free peoples throughout
  the world who were resisting takeovers by armed
  minorities or outside pressure.
• The U.S. gave Greece Turkey 400 million in
  aid.
• Aid will be provided
• to other nations
• under threat from
• communism

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Marshall Plan 1948

• Western European nations threatened by Communism
  because of instability
• The U. S. should provide aid to all European
  nations that need it.
• This move is not against any country or
  doctrine, but against hunger, poverty,
  desperation, and chaos.
• 12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe
  extended to Eastern Europe USSR, but this was
  rejected

Sec of State George Marshall
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C. Conflict over Germany 1948-49
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Independence?

• 1948 the U.S., France, Britain wanted Germany
  to become independent
• Soviet Union does not takes Berlin Hostage
• Became a symbolic issue

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Berlin Blockade Airlift (1948-49)

• Soviet Union cuts off all ground transportation
  in and out of Berlin

• June 1948 May 1949 U.S. had to fly all supplies
  into Berlin

• 277,000 flights and 2 million tons of supplies

• U.S. would win blockade ended

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The End Effect

• Germany would be divided into 2 nations
• West Germany Democratic
• East Germany Communist
• Berlin continued to be divided

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D.The Arms Race Military Alliances
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

• United States
• Belgium
• Britain
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• Iceland
• Italy

• Luxemburg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• 1952 Greece Turkey
• 1955 West Germany
• 1983 Spain

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Warsaw Pact (1955)

• U. S. S. R.
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia

• East Germany
• Hungary
• Poland
• Rumania

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Two Nuclear Powers

• The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in
  1949.

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Hydrogen Bomb

• Both now wanted stronger nuclear weapons
• U.S. 1st to test a Hydrogen Bomb in Nov. 1952
• Soviet Union tested theirs in August 1953

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The Arms Race

• Both nations will now compete to develop and
  create more nuclear weapons

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National Defense Budget
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E.Containment in Asia
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China 1949

• Civil War ends
• Becomes communist under Mao Zedong
• Called the Peoples Republic of China
• Seen as a major failure of containment
• Nationalists set up their own government in
  Taiwan called the Republic of China

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United Nations deals with China

• Which China gets the seat in the UN?
• ROC given the seat
• Soviet Union will boycott in protest

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War in Korea1950-1953

• Korea divided at the end of WWII at 38th parallel
• 1950 N. Korea
• invaded S. Korea
• U.S. didnt want
• containment to fail
• Pressures UN to invade

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War in Korea1950-1953

• Troops led by MacArthur
• Takes war into N. Korea
• China enters the war

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War in Korea1950-1953

• Mac wants to use the A-bomb
• Truman fires him
• Negotiations begin for a cease-fire
• Achieved in 1953

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F.Cold War Under Eisenhower
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Massive Retaliation

• Created by Sec. of State Dulles
• Rejection of Containment
• 2 Principals
• 1. Encourage Liberation
• 2. Retaliation
• Brinkmanship being on the verge of war
• New Look Military Eisenhower scales back army
  navy in favor of nuclear capabilities

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Death of Stalin (1953)

• Nikita Khrushchev
• becomes premier
• Believed in peaceful coexistence
• Agreement at Geneva
• Summit (1955) for nuclear disarmament
• Relations sour after Hungarian Uprising in 1956

We will bury you
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Sputnik (1957)

• Soviet satellite launched into space
• Showed the U.S. falling behind technologically
• National Defense Education Act (NDEA) rigorous
  education program
• Science
• Math
• Foreign Lang.
• 1958 U.S. launches satellite Explorer I
• NASA formed in 1958

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Berlin (Again)

• 1958 Khrushchev issues ultimatum
• Get out of W. Berlin
• Eisenhower refuses to give in
• Send Nixon to U.S.S.R in 1959
• Kitchen Debates
• Khrushchev visits for 2 weeks
• 2 countries agree to summit in 1960 to discuss
  issues

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U-2 Incident

• U-2 Spy plane shot down May 1960
• U.S. denied it was spying
• U.S.S.R proved they were
• Happened 10 days before planned summit
• Worst U.S Soviet relations since Stalin

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G.Cuba
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Fidel Castro

• January 1, 1959, wrestles control from Fulgencio
  Batista
• Reason?
• Too much American control in Cuba
• Tries to visit U.S.
• Ike refuses to meet with him
• Nationalizes all U.S. property

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Alliance with the U.S.S.R

• Sept 1959, Khrushchev offers aid
• Castro accepts turns Cuba communist
• 1960 U.S. begins plotting against Castro
  breaks off diplomatic ties
• Castro encourages Latin America to have Communist
  Revolutions