A Survey of Routing Techniques for Mobile Communication Networks

1
A Survey of Routing Techniques for Mobile
Communication Networks

• S Ramanathan
• Martha Steenstrup
• Presented by
• Arun T-M and Nihal Sequeira

2
Introduction

• Popularity of mobile wireless networking? factors
• Scope of this paper
• Routing system constituents
• What does the Routing system do?
• Issues, challenges and solutions

3
Network Organization
Stationary endpoints Mobile endpoints
Stationary switches Wireline Cellular
Mobile switches Satellite Packet radio
4
Cellular Networks

• Stationary switches and mobile endpoints
• Frequency reuse and system capacity
• Cells and Base stations
• Cellular networks --AMPS?PCS?GSM
• Design problems
• a)Partioning
• b)Cell radii, base station location,Overlap
• c)Cell splitting,Handoffs,mobile switching

5
Packet Radio Networks

• Whats in packet radio network?
• Switch mobility EXPRNET, SURAN
• Problems? Clustering switches
• Clustering techniques
• --Local clustering algorithm
• --Hierarchical Clustering

6
Satellite Networks

• Satellite switches
• Users covered through
• ground-satellite
• Inter-satellite
• LEO satellites
• Problems in organization
• Design best topology ?
• No of satellites,positions,orbits,grazing angles
• Inter-satellite connectivity

7
Location tracking

• Mobility tracking
• Identifieraddress mappings
• Generic Issues
• how to initiate changes in database?
• Organizing and maintaining database

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Update location database

• Operations-gtUpdating and Finding
• Static strategies
• Location Areas
• Reporting cells
• Drawbacks Inaccurate user mobility, frequency
• Dynamic Strategies
• a) Every Tsecs
• b)After M crossings
• c) Distance exceeds D-gtdifficult implementation

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Organization of Location database

• Minimize latency and overhead
• Single storage space, single point of failure
• Three way tradeoff between overhead, latency and
  simplicity
• Partition network and distributed database
  concepts
• HLR,VLR concepts

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• Location tracking in PCS
• -- IS-41 and GSM standards
• --Partitioning and two level hierarchy
• --HLR-gtVLR-gtMSC interaction for mobility tracking
• Location tracking in the Internet
• -- Mobile IP support for mobile hosts
• --care-of address, mobility binding

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• Location tracking in Packet Radio Networks
• --flat" packet radio network? not scalable
• --Hierarchical Clustering(EXSURAN)
• --hierarchical address
• --address servers
• --NAVSTAR GPS system for routing messages

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Routing selection and forwarding

• Stationary infrastructure
• Cellular telecommunication networks
• Mobile-controlled handoff
• Mobile endpoint monitors signal quality.
• Network-controlled handoff
• Endpoints base station monitors signal quality
• Mobile-assisted handoff
• Base station monitors quality assisted by
  mobile endpoint
• Soft handoff
• Mobile endpoint affiliated with multiple base
  stations

13
Routing selection and forwarding

• Wireless ATM networks
• Connection re-establishment
• Entire new virtual circuit established
• Connection modification
• Original connection modified
• Connection prediction
• Multiple connections established
• Internetworks
• Direct routing
• Triangle routing
• Multicast

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Routing selection and forwarding

• Mobile infrastructure
• Minimum cost routing
• Link-state and distance-vector algorithms
• Metrics
• Promoting efficient use of transmission
  capacity, hop count, capacity, interference
• Route discovery
• Broadcast, random selection
• Alternate routes
• Changes in network connectivity, failure in
  primary route, break in current route
• Hierarchical routing
• Quasi hierarchical routing
• Enhances tier routing by including minimum
  distance to other radios
• Strict hierarchical routing
• Uses tier routing within a cluster and link
  state routing among clusters

15

• Thank You