George Washington

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George Washington

• The First President(1789-1796)

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The Unwritten Constitution and Washingtons
involvement

• Governmental practices and institutions not
  specifically set down in the Constitution but
  based on custom, practice, and tradition.

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Unwritten Constitution and G.W.

• First Cabinet
• Two Terms
• President Influencing Foreign and Domestic
  Politics
• Farewell Address

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The First Cabinet

• Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton
• Secretary of State
• Thomas Jefferson
• Secretary of War (Later Sect. of Defense)
• Henry Knox
• Attorney General
• Edmund Randolph

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Foreign Policy

• The nation was too weak to get involved with
  other countries so US stayed neutral
• The US did not get involved in the war between
  England and France
• Pressure from France because they helped us with
  the American Revolution
• Pressure from England because Britain was an
  important country to trade with for Americas
  economy

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Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

• Neutrality a foreign policy of not choosing to
  support any nations involved in a war
• France went to war with Britain, Spain, and the
  Netherlands in 1793 asked US for military
  support
• George Washington responded with his PROCLAMATION
  OF NEUTRALITY of 1793 a conduct friendly and
  impartial toward the belligerent powers.
• Congress passed a law forbidding Americans to
  help England or France

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Jay Treaty 1795

• John Jay was sent to Britain by Washington to
  make a treaty with Britain mostly about economic
  issues
• Accomplishments Britain agreed to withdraw
  troops from western forts and ease restrictions
  on American trade to England and to the West
  Indies
• This treaty avoided war with England

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Washingtons Farewell Address

• (1) Washington served TWO terms
• He stated he would not run again

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Washingtons Farewell Address

• (2) Urged Americans to stay away from political
  parties
• Washington said political parties would weaken
  the unity of Americans

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Washingtons Farewell Address

• (3) Advised the country to stay neutral
• Warned against making long- term agreements with
  foreign nations
• Lead to isolationism until the end of the 1800s

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Financial Policy

• The US had huge debt from war (about 40 million)
• This was dealt with by Alexander Hamilton
• Alexander Hamilton was the First Secretary of the
  Treasury
• He introduced a financial plan to Congress with
  the purpose of building a strong central
  government

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Hamiltons Financial Plan

• (1) Paying off all war debts
• Pay off the debt from the Revolutionary War
• Passed with the help of Jefferson
• South agreed to pay off the war debt and the
  North agreed to move the nations capital from
  NYC to an area on the Potomac River in
  Washington, D.C.

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Hamiltons Financial Plan

• (2) Raising Revenues
• Tariffs (taxes on foreign goods) would become the
  main source of government revenue
• Highest on foreign goods that could be made in
  America (PROTECTIVE TARIFF)

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Hamiltons Financial Plan

• EXCISE TAX tax on domestic goods (lead to the
  Whiskey Rebellion)
• Tariffs would (1) raise revenue, and (2) help
  American manufacturing

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Hamiltons Financial Plan

• (3) National Bank
• Would give the government a safe place to keep
  its money
• Issue paper money and make loans to government
  and to the people
• First Bank of the United States was established
  in 1791

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John Adams 1797-1801
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John Adams

• Second President 1796-1800
• Federalist
• Aimed to create a stable and secure country, safe
  for business and wealthy men of property

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John Adams

• Detested the French Revolution of 1789
• because it led to mob rule and confiscation of
  property
• Believed in a strict interpretation of the
  Constitution

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XYZ Affair

• France was upset with the Jay Treaty
• Seen as an alliance with England
• France seizes American merchant ships
• On the verge of war, Adams sent delegates to
  France

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XYZ Affair, continued

• X,Y,Z want bribes to allow Americans to talk to
  French Foreign Minister
• John Marshall leaves France
• Naval war lasts from 1798 1800
• Convention of 1800 signed in Paris

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The Alien and Sedition Acts

• Sedition Act
• made it illegal for anyone to talk bad about the
  govt
• Alien Acts
• Naturalization Act, extended the time immigrants
  had to live in the United States to become
  citizens from five to 14 years

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The Alien and Sedition Acts

• Alien Enemies Act provided that once war had been
  declared, all male citizens of an enemy nation
  could be arrested, detained, and deported
• Alien Friends Act authorized the president to
  deport any non-citizen suspected of plotting
  against the government during either wartime or
  peacetime.

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Thomas Jefferson

• John Adams VP
• Became the 3rd president
• Democratic-Republican
• Bitterly opposed to the Federalists
• Supported the French Revolution for its
  democratic ideals

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Thomas Jefferson

• Represented poor farmers, craftsmen, and recent
  immigrants
• Wanted to unify the Americans, especially the
  political parties
• 1st president to have an inauguration in the new
  capital (Washington, DC)

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Thomas Jefferson (1801-1808)
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Thomas Jefferson

• Changes
• Asked Congress to repeal the tax on whiskey
• Asked Congress to cut wait for immigrants to
  become citizens from 14 years to 5 years
• Congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801

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Thomas Jefferson

• Kept some Federalist Programs
• The Bank of The United States
• Continued Hamiltons plan to pay off the war debt
• Believed in a loose interpretation of the
  Constitution

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Thomas Jefferson

• Wanted to buy more land
• Led to the Louisiana Purchase

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Louisiana Purchase

• Doubled the size of the US by buying the
  Louisiana Territory (between Mississippi River
  and the Rocky Mountains)
• Bought for 15 million
• Important because of the Port of New Orleans
  (good for trading)

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Louisiana Purchase

• France sold the land for 2 reasons
• 1) France needs to fund wars
• 2) Slaves in Haiti won their independence

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Lewis and Clark

• Financed by Jefferson
• 1804-1807
• Explored the West

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Lewis and Clark

• Purpose
• Tried to find a water route to the Pacific
• Find natural resources
• Make contact with Native Americans
• Found 300 new species of plants and animals

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Jefferson

• Embargo Act of 1807
• No trade w/foreign nations (belligerent)
• Hurts the US

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Madison (1808-1816)
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Madison

• Faces the same problem as Jefferson still
  unresolved (freedom of the seas).
• U.S. Declares War on Great Britain in 1812

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Madison

• Because Federalists against war and Jacksons
  victory at New Orleans, public opinion turns
  against Federalists
• Federalists are going to die outgt one party

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Madison

• National Bank charter expiresgt Second National
  Bank starts
• Protective Tariff of 1816
• Increased tariff
• used to start internal transportation

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James Monroe (1816-1824)
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James Monroe

• Era of Good Feeling
• Only one political party
• The govt was able to get stuff done
• Florida
• Seminoles invade American settlements
• Andrew Jackson led military and won
• Spain sells Florida under Adams-Onis Treaty

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James Monroe

• Monroe Doctrine
• Stated
• US would stay out of European affairs
• And
• Europe would stay out of Western Hemisphere

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John Quincy Adams 1824-1828
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John Quincy Adams

• Wins a tight election vs. Jackson in 1824
• Chosen by the house
• Democratic-Republicans split over election
• Sectional reasons
• John Quincy Adams from the North
  (Republicans/Whigs)
• Andrew Jackson from the South (Democrats)
• Gains popularity even though he loses

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Andrew Jackson 1828
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Andrew Jackson

• Democratic Party
• Wins election in 1828
• Sectional victory - won the Western and Southern
  states as well as NY and Pa.
• Hero from the war of 1812
• Common man
• From immigrant parents
• Middle class could relate to him

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Andrew Jackson

• Kitchen cabinet meets more with his friends
  than with his cabinet
• Very wealthy and bright even though dubbed a
  common man

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Andrew Jackson

• Jacksonian Democracy new advancements in
  democracy
• States become more independent
• No qualifications to vote (white males)
• Increased number of elected by people no mo0re
  upper class state govt choosing

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Andrew Jackson

• Established national conventions to nominate a
  presidential candidate
• Jackson believed the president was a servant of
  the people

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Andrew Jackson

• South Carolina secession threat
• Declared tariff null and void believed the
  govt was working for the north
• Jackson threatens military force because it is
  unconstitutional to secede didnt happen

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• Whig Party develops and challenges Jackson
• Spoils System Jackson replaces 20 of govt
  officials with a friend or loyal party members
• He kept people who would support him - Legal

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• Rotation in Office believed that govt officials
  should know all jobs.. Would have them rotate
  positions
• Wouldnt get too comfortable with position
• Made sure the were doing their jobs

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Starting to Grow

• Cheap Land in the West
• 1.25 an acre
• Minimum 80 acres
• Continues settlement of western land

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Reform Movements Begin

• Development of trade unions
• Weak until after the Civil War
• Social reform
• Womens rights
• Abolition
• Sick and mentally ill
• Free public education

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Territorial Expansion

• Convention of 1818
• Purchase of Florida
• Monroe Doctrine
• Manifest Destiny
• The Mexican War
• Other Areas

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Convention Of 1818

• This treaty fixed the northern border at the 49th
  parallel from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains
• Also provided that the U.S. and Britain occupy
  the Oregon Territory

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Purchase of Florida

• Under the terms of the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain
  agreed to sell Florida for 5 million
• Wow!!!!!

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The Monroe Doctrine 1823 Named for James Monroe
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The Monroe Doctrine

• Early in the 1800s many Latin American
• colonies had revolted against Spain using the
• American Revolution for inspiration.
• President Monroe, in 1823, was faced with
• two threats 1. An alliance Between France,
• Russia, Prussia, and Austria was going to try
• to regain Latin America for Spain. 2. Russia was
  expanding
• southward into Oregon and California

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The Monroe Doctrine Stated

1. The Western Hemisphere was closed to further
   European colonization
2. The U.S. would not interfere in any existing
   colonies in the Western Hemisphere

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The Monroe Doctrine Stated continued

• 3. The U.S. would not interfere in the internal
  matters of any European country
• 4. Any attempt by European powers to intervene in
  the Western Hemisphere would be regarded as
  dangerous to our peace and safety. (This final
  statement didnt commit the U.S. to a definite
  course of action in case of European
  intervention. Instead, it left the response , in
  terms of American national interest, to the
  discretion of the president)

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The Monroe Doctrine

• Latin Americans generally welcomed the Monroe
  Doctrine as a friendly offer of assistance.
• The Russians in 1824 agreed to halt their
  expansion
• The European Alliance didnt pursue its rumored
  plans if any for the re-conquest of Latin
  America

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Manifest Destiny
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Manifest Destiny

• By the 1840s Americans became expansion-minded
  and believed the country was intended to spread
  to the Pacific coast, perhaps even the entire
  continent. (this is the definition of Manifest
  Destiny)

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Manifest Destiny

• Events in Texas
• 1821 Americans had been invited to settle in the
  northern province of Mexico, called Texas
• 1835 Texas rebelled for independence from Mexico
• 1836, was recognized by Mexico as an independent
  country

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Manifest Destiny

• The Texans asked to be annexed by the U.S.
• North was against this because it would expand
  slavery.
• South was in favor of it because they thought it
  would increase representation for the southern
  states.
• 1845 Texas was admitted by a joint resolution of
  Congress

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Manifest Destiny

• Events in Oregon
• Both the U.S. and Great Britain claimed the
  Oregon Country and, for many years , they jointly
  occupied the territory at first with no
  significant problems. Then things changed and we
  needed boundaries drawn.

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Events in Oregon Continued

• James Polk was elected President with the slogan
  54 40 or fight which meant the U.S. claimed
  Oregon to the 54 degree 40 minute mark of
  latitude and would fight the British if the U.S.
  did not obtain this.
• The dispute was resolved by a treaty dividing the
  territory and extending the 49th parallel as a
  boundary

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The Mexican War (1846-1848)
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The Mexican War

• Mexico disliked the annexation of Texas, our
  claim to the Rio Grande River as the boundary,
  and the idea of the U.S. acquiring more Mexican
  territory.
• The U.S. offered to pay 30million for California
  and New Mexico Territories but Mexico refused.

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The Mexican War (1846-1848)

• War started in the Northeast opposed while the
  South and West were in favor
• Mexico was defeated and signed the Treaty of
  Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848).

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The Mexican War (1846-1848)

• The Treaty stated
• 1. Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as the southern
  border of Texas
• 2Gave up Mexican Cession eventually carved into
  5 states
• 3. The U.S. paid 15 million to Mexico

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Other Areas

• The Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842
• This treaty accepted a compromise as a boundary
  for Maine and Canada
• The Gadsden Purchase 1853
• The U.S. purchased a small strip of land in
  Arizona and New Mexico for 10 million

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• The end