????(Biomass energy) ???(Bio-energy) ????(Biofuels) ????(Biogas)

1
????(Biomass energy)???(Bio-energy)????(Biofuel
s)????(Biogas)
2
? (?)?????

• ???????????????,?????????????,?????????
• ??????????????????,???????????????????????,???????
  ???,???????????????????????
• Biomass residues can be converted into various
  non-solid fuel forms referred as biogas and
  liquid biofuels.

3
What is Biogas?

• Biogas is a mixture of methane (CH4), carbon
  dioxide (CO2), and depending on the feedstock
  used, trace gases such as nitrogen (N2), ammonia
  (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide
  (H2S), and hydrogen (H2).
• Biogas is produced when certain bacteria
  decompose biological matter in an anaerobic (no
  oxygen is present, ??) environment.
• This process is referred to as anaerobic
  digestion (AD).
• AD is a proven technology for effectively
  treating the organic fraction of waste.
• The treatment of waste through AD has many
  benefits it leads not only to a cleaner and
  healthier environment, but also produces a
  renewable energy source, methane.

4
A Feasibility Study on Anaerobic Digestion
Technology for Humboldt County Dairy Farms

• In the spring of 2002 SERC began a yearlong
  biogas study funded by the State of California
  Community Development Block Grant 01-EDBG-782.
• The purpose of the study was to consider the
  feasibility of implementing anaerobic digestion
  (AD) technology as a means of dairy manure
  (?????) management on Humboldt County dairy
  farms.
• Dairy cows at pasture on a Humboldt County dairy
  farm

5
Executive Summary

• Current trends in milk production have forced
  dairies to intensify their operations.
• The larger herd numbers required by today's dairy
  operators in order to stay in business have led
  directly to an increase in manure production.
• The volume of manure has become a social and
  environmental issue. Dairies also consume
  significant amounts of energy in their daily
  operation.
• Anaerobic digestion of manure is a promising
  technology that has been shown to effectively
  address many of the problems associated with
  manure management while providing a reliable
  energy resource.
• AD technology has the ability to offer
  substantial benefits to dairy operators. In many
  cases, without the implementation of AD
  technology on U.S. farms, many farmers would have
  been forced to cease their operation.

6
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• ?????????????
• http//www.biogas.com.cn/news/subnews.asp?ID424k
  ey

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9
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10
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11
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12
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14
??????
?????????????? ??? http//www.ema.org.tw/she/issu
e/issue9/tec9_3.htm

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15
?????(CH4)???

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• ?????????????????,????????????,???????????????????
  ????,????80 kW?????????
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  ?????30???????
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  Engine),?????????????????????,????????2?

23
80kW????????????
24
????

• ???????????,????????????????,?????????,??????????
• ??????(R.P.M.)???,????(Output)????
• ??3??,??,A?????1804 rpm?32 KW,????????,????A??B??C
  ??D??E??
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25
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26
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• ???????5,0006,000 kcal/m3,????2/3??????????,????
  ?????????24.5?,???????????????
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27

• Biogas Name for any flammable biologically
  created gas.

28
Biogas Engines
29
Gobar Gas

• ?

30
Dung power
31
French Biogas
During both world wars, many farmers set up
biogas plants. In 1852, there were over 1,000
plants in France, but most have now been
abandoned.
32
Methane CH4(??, ??)

• Sewage all vegetable matter will decompose,
  giving off biogas, if it has no access to oxgen.
• Biogas is about 70 methane and 30 carbon
  dioxide (natural gas is almost 100 methane)

33
Public Biogas

• There London sewage works use anaerobk digestion
  (without air) to decompose the sewage of 6
  million people.
• The biogas produced (equivalent to 250,000 Galls
  of petrol per day) is used to heat the incoming
  sewage (this speeds up the process), or is simple
  flared off (burnt) on a tall chimney.

34
Indian Biogas

• Indian Biogas

35
Perpetual Biogas

• The Sludge output

36
Marsh Gas

• The bubbles of gas rising to the surface of
  stagnant ponds marshes are biogas or mash
  gas. They can ignite spontaneously a phenomenon
  known as will O the wisp.

37
Two popular simple designs of digester

• The two digesters have been developed the
  digestion process is the same in both digesters
  but the gas collection method is different in
  each.
• Chinese fixed dome digester has a lower gas
  storage capacity and requires good sealing if gas
  leakage is to be prevented.
• Indian floating cover biogas digester the water
  sealed cover of the digester is capable of rising
  as gas is produced and acting as a storage
  chamber
• Both have been designed for use with animal waste
  or dung.

38
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  ???????????

39
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• ????????????????????,??????,??????????????????
• ????760 kW
• Stanford 400V???gt36kW
• ?????39.05
• ??NOX 500??/?3,CO2 955??/?3,VOC 150??/?3
• ????1888??
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• ???????????????20?,?????19131???,????19500??,?
  ?????1400??,?????24????,??????????95????????2075?
  ?,??????????510.7???

40
Fixed Dome Digester
http//www.biogas.nl/
41
Fixed Dome Digester
http//www.biogas.nl/
42

• The waste is fed into the digester via the inlet
  pipe and undergoes digestion in the digestion
  chamber.
• The temperature of the process is quite critical
  - methane producing bacteria operate most
  efficiently at temperatures between 30 - 40C or
  50 - 60C - and in colder
• climates heat may have to be added to the chamber
  to encourage the bacteria to carry out
• their function. The product is a combination of
  methane and carbon dioxide, typically in the
• ratio of 64. Digestion time ranges from a couple
  of weeks to a couple of months depending on
• the feedstock and the digestion temperature. The
  residual slurry is removed at the outlet and
• can be used as a fertiliser.

43
Floating Cover Digester

• U

Biogas has a variety of applications. Table 1
below shows some typical applications and for
one cubic metre of biogas. Small-scale
biogas digesters usually provide fuel for
domestic lighting and cooking.
44
A variety of applications for Biogas

• The table below shows some typical applications
  and for one cubic metre of biogas.
• Small-scale biogas digesters usually provide fuel
  for domestic lighting and cooking.

45
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46
???????????
??????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????
????95.04.06

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• ???????????????????????????????????,???????????
• ??????????????????,?2006?2??????????????????????(E
  U Strategy for Biofuels)??,???????????

47
??????????(EU Strategy for Biofuels)?????????

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• ???????????????????,?????????????????????

48
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49
(?)???????????

• ?????????????????,??????????,?????????????????
• 2003?????????????(Biofuels Directive)??????,??????
  ???????????????2005???2,??2010???5.75?
• ?????????????????,??????????????1.4,??????????
• ??,????????????(biofuels obligation)???,??????????
  ??,??????????????,????????????????
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  ??????,??????????????????

50
(?)??????

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51
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52
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53
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  plus)???????????,
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54
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55
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• ????????????(20072013)???,??????????????????

56
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• ???????????,???,??????????,?????????????????????
  ?95.04.06http//stn.nsc.gov.tw/view_detail.asp?d
  oc_uid0950331005kind_noA01
• http//europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/biomass/biof
  uel/com2006_34_en.pdf
• http//europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/biomass/biof
  uel/index_en.htm
• http//www.r-p-a.org.uk/article_default_view.fcm?a
  rticleid1673subsite1