Bell Ringer

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Bell Ringer
1. I got my famous nickname during the Battle
of Bull Run, when I stood like a stone
wall, giving soldiers something to rally
around.
2. I was president of the Confederacy and
ordered troops to invade Maryland. 3. I
was relieved of my command in the Union army
after hesitating to attack at the Battle of
Antietam.
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The War behind the Lines

• The Main Idea
• The Civil War created hardships, challenges, and
  opportunities for people in the North and the
  South.
• Reading Focus
• How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the
  Civil War?
• How did African Americans contribute to the war
  effort?
• What was life like in the military?
• What similarities and differences existed on the
  home front in the North and South?

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The Emancipation Proclamation

• Attitudes about the war changed with increased
  casualties
• No longer about just saving the Union, the South
  needed to be punished for the bloodshed of the
  war.
• Lincoln convinced to use constitutional power to
  end slavery, denying the South the labor needed
  to continue the war
• Emancipation Proclamation issued on January 1,
  1863
• It freed the slaves in all areas in rebellion
  against the U.S.
• Abolitionists were upset slavery continued in the
  Union.
• Riots broke out with increased competition for
  jobs in the North.
• Supporters felt it would shorten the war.
• Overseas reaction
• The British felt Lincoln should have freed all of
  the slaves.
• With war now about ending slavery, Britain would
  side with the Union.

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The Emancipation Proclamation

• Transcription of the Emancipation Proclamation
  from the National Archives
• In what ways did the Emancipation Proclamation
  affect the Civil War?

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African Americans and the War
In the South, African American farm and
plantation labor released white males for the war
effort. Slaves performed many non-combat jobs in
the Confederate army.
Escaped slaves worked for the Union army in
various jobs. They formed Union army regiments in
Louisiana, South Carolina, and Kansas, serving in
segregated units. Initially used for labor and
guard duty, when allowed into battle they fought
heroically. The 54th Massachusetts Infantry was
the most famous unit.
180,000 African Americans served in Union armies,
taking part in 200 battles. More than 38,000 died
serving the Union.
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Life in the Military

• Disease was responsible for most deaths, and
  various epidemics swept through the camps.
• Sanitary Commission worked to improve conditions.

Wartime medicine

• Conditions were poor, tents were crowded, and the
  ground muddy or dusty depending on the weather.
• Camp rations were good, but while on the march
  soldiers relied on hardtack and coffee.

Camp life

• Prisoner exchanges ended in 1863, and both sides
  were guilty of inhumane treatment of prisoners.
• Most notorious campsAndersonville and Elmira

Prison camps
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Life on the Home Front

• Southern Home Front
• Shortages made life difficult.
• There were few factories, and food production
  dropped because of war.
• War was fought on credit, and inflation resulted.
  
• High prices and shortages led to food riots.
• Soldiers deserted to take care of their families.
• Poor men were patriotic, but their families came
  first.

• Confederate Draft
• Needed to maintain the army
• Confederate Congress enacted 1st military draft
  in American historyApril 1862
• Unpopular conscription, forced service,
  contradicted states rights
• Governors of Georgia and North Carolina tried to
  block the draft.
• Slaveholders were exempted from the draft.
• Some areas were placed under martial law.

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Copperheads and the Union Draft
No shortages, but the Union needed to draft more
soldiers
Union draft law allowed the wealthy to hire
substitutes or pay a 300 feemaking the war a
poor mans fight. Antidraft riots fueled an
existing antiwar movement, called Peace Democrats
by supporters, Copperheads by critics.
Vocal critics who opposed the war, the draft, or
emancipation were arrested and jailed without
trials. This was possible because Lincoln
suspended habeas corpus across the entire
country, saying he was willing to violate the
constitution in order to save the nation.
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Women in the Civil War

• Southern Women
• Spied for the Confederacy
• Took over farms, stores, and plantations
• Worked in the few factories and made ammunition
  for the troops
• Formed societies to make bandages, shirts and
  bedclothes
• Acted as volunteer nurses before Confederate
  Congress passed law allowing them to be hired as
  army nurses

• Northern Women
• Stepped into jobs so men could go fight
• Produced huge amounts of food with the aid of new
  farm equipment
• Female teachers went south to educate former
  slaves after the war
• Became the first women to hold federal clerical
  jobs
• Served in the Union army as nurses and
  volunteered to work in hospitals
• Clara Barton- went on to found the American Red
  Cross

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