Ground Rules, exams, etc. (no

1
Challenges facing Parasites, hosts as islands,
how to infect new ones? High specificity, high
fecundities, exploitation of vectors
(mosquitoes) Intermediate and final hosts, host
altered behavior (rabies, etc.) Assassin bugs
(Triatoma)Malaria, protists (Plasmodium)Tapeworm
s (Cestodes), Nematodes (roundworms) Cholera
(Shigella) transmission via dysenteryToilet
seats, elevator buttons, door knobs, shopping
carts...etc. Molecular mimicry eclipsed
antigens resemble host antigens hence do
not elicit formation of host antibodiesMajor
Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Trypanosoma
(protozoans) shed coats, change
antigensFilariasis Elephantiasis (lymph nodes
blocked by nematodes carried by
mosquitoes) Botflies Dracunculus medinensis,
caduceus symbol of medicine
2
Darwinian Medicine dont treat symptoms,
distinguish between host defenses and parasite
manipulation. Evolution of Virulence (benign
parasites allow hosts to live) Host altered
behaviorRabies virus rabid animals bite,
passes on virus to new host Lancet fluke
Trematode Dicrocoelium dentriticumCercaria gt
Metacercariae encyst on ants brainSheep ingest
an ant and get infectedStarlings, Pill bugs, and
AcanthocephalansDucks, Amphipods, and
AcanthocephalansSTDs gt increased sexual
activity? Ectoparasites (fleas, ticks, lice),
endoparasites Social parasites (thievery, brood
parasitism) Parasitoids Ichneumonid
wasps Microparasitesgt macroparastiesgtparasitoids
gtpredator spectrum and many correlates
thereof, such as relative sizes, rates of
increase, number of parasites per host,
virulence, stability, and ability to
regulate lower trophic level
3
CoevolutionJoint evolution of two (or more)
taxa that have close ecological relationships but
do not exchange genes, and in which reciprocal
selective pressures operate to make the evolution
of either taxon partially dependent on the
evolution of the other
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Enterobius Pinworms (Parasites on Primates)
5
Parallel phylogenies
Primate hosts
Enterobius species
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Drosophila pachea and senita cactus. Danaid
butterflies use polyuridine alkaloids as chemical
precursors for synthesis of pheromones used in
attracting mates. An arginine mimic,
l-canavanine, present in many legumes, ruins
protein structure in most insects. However, a
bruchid beetle has evolved metabolic
machinery that enable it to use plants containing
canavanine.
7
Wild ginger, Asarum caudatum, in western
Washington are polymorphic for growth rate, seed
production, and palatabililty to a native slug,
Ariolimax columbianus (Cates 1975). Where slugs
are uncommon, plants allocate more energy
to growth and seed production and less to
production of antiherbivore chemicals. In
habitats with lots of slugs, less palatable
plants have a fitness advantage even though
they grow more slowly, they lose less
photosynthetic tissue to slug herbivory.
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Some of the Suggested Correlates of Plant
Apparency __________________
__________________________________________________
_________


Apparent Plants
Unapparent Plants
_________________________________________________
____________________________

Common or
conspicuous Rare or ephemeral Woody
perennials Herbaceous annuals Long leaf
life span Short-lived leaves Slow growing,
competitive species Faster growing, often
fugitive species Late stages of succession,
climax Early stages of succession, second
growth Bound to be found by herbivores Protect
ed from herbivores by escape in (cannot escape
in time and space) time and space (but still
encountered by wide-ranging generalized
herbivores) Produce more expensive
quantitative Produce inexpensive qualitative
chemical (broad-based) antiherbivore
defenses defenses (poisons or toxins) to
discourage (tough leaves, thorns,
tannins) generalized herbivores Quantitative
defenses constitute Qualitative defenses may be
broken down effective ecological barriers to
her- over evolutionary time by coevolution of
bivores, although perhaps only a
weak appropriate detoxification mechanisms in
evolutionary barrier unless supple- herbivores
(host plant-specific herbivore mented with
qualitative defenses species result) ____________
__________________________________________________
_______________
9
Coevolution Joint evolution of two (or more)
taxa that have close ecological relationships but
do not exchange genes, and in which reciprocal
selective pressures operate to make the evolution
of either taxon partially dependent on the
evolution of the other. Parallel phylogenies
coevolution of pinworms and primate
hosts Drosophila pachea and senita cactus. Danaid
butterflies use polyuridine alkaloids to
synthesize pheromones l-canavanine, present in
many legumes ruins protein structure However, a
bruchid beetle has evolved metabolic machinery
that enable it to use plants containing
canavanine. Correlates of plant apparency
quantitative versus qualitative
defenses Coevolution of wild ginger and slug
10
Antibiotics first discovered in fungi, but also
occur in many plants. Plant secondary chemicals
have proven to be a vast reservoir for useful
pharmaceuticals these include analgesics,
diuretics, laxatives, tranquilizers,
contraceptive agents, and cough drops.
Clinically proven drugs derived from higher
plants include morphine, codeine, atropine,
quinine, digitalis, and many others. Bark of
Pacific yew trees contains taxol, an effective
agent for treating certain ovarian Cancers (yew
genes have been transplanted into bacteria which
produce commercial quantities of taxol in
chemostats) Scientists have only examined about
1 percent of existing plant species for such
useful pharmaceuticals.
11
Bruchid Beetles
Dan Janzen
Scheelea Palm
12

• Pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus) and
• coniferous food trees (Smith 1970)
• Squirrels are very effective seed predators,
  stockpile cones
• Trees reduce squirrel effectiveness in many
  different ways
• Cones difficult for squirrels to reach, open, or
  carry
• Putting fewer seeds in each cone (fake cones
  without any seeds)
• Increasing thickness of seed coats (seeds harder
  to harvest)
• Putting less energy into each seed (smaller
  seeds)
• Shedding seeds from cones early, before young
  squirrels forage
• Periodic cone crop failures decimate squirrel
  populations
• Individual trees out of synchrony would set fewer
  seeds and thus
• be selected against.

Christopher Smith
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Pharmaceuticals analgesics antibiotics diureti
cs laxatives tranquilizers contraceptives
taxol (bark of Pacific Yew trees) Janzens
seedling ring hypothesis Coevolution of pine
squirrels (Tamiasciurus) and coniferous food
trees
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Phylogenetics in Ecology Phylogenetic
Systematics Cladistics Importance of shared
derived characteristics (synapomorphies)
Monophyletic groups Clades (Polyphyletic,
Paraphyletic) Sister groups, outgroups Identif
y ancestral states polarize character state
changes
15
Page 343 Evolutionary Ecomorphology
Moloch
Phrynosoma
Convergent Evolution Ecological
Equivalents
16
Monophyletic Paraphyletic Polyphyletic
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Phylogenetics in EcologyPhylogenetic
Systematics Cladistics Shared derived
characteristics (synapomorphies)Monophyletic vs.
Polyphyletic groups Sister groups, outgroups,
rooting treesIdentify ancestral states
polarize character state changes Minimum
Evolution (maximum parsimony) shortest
trees Vicariance Biogeography and Area Cladograms
Phylogeny and the Modern Comparative
MethodPhylogenetically Independent
ContrastsEvolutionary EcomorphologyConvergence
(homoplasy)
Willi Hennig
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Inferring probable ancestral states
20
Inferring probable ancestral states
21
Estimation of ancestral states from those of
extant descendents
Ray Huey
Al Bennet
22
Mike Ryan Physolemus Frogs
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Phylogenetics in EcologyPhylogenetic Systematics
CladisticsShared derived characteristics
(synapomorphies) Monophyletic groups Clades
Monophyletic, Polyphyletic, ParaphyleticSister
groups, outgroups, rooting trees Identify
ancestral states polarize character state
changes Vicariance Biogeography, Area Cladograms
Phylogeny and the Modern Comparative
MethodPhylogenetically Independent
ContrastsEvolutionary EcomorphologyConvergence
(homoplasy)
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Vicariance Biogeography Area Cladograms
27
Area cladogram for Eublepharid Geckos
28
Aeluroscalabotes felinus Borneo
Aluroascalabotes (Borneo)
29
Goniurosaurus hainanensis, Hainan Island, China
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Coleonyx brevis
Coleonyx mitratus
Coleonyx variegatus
Coleonyx switaki
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Heloderma suspectum
Heloderma, North America
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Lanthanotus borneensis
Lanthanotus, Borneo
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VaVaranus giganteus
Varanus giganteus, Australia
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Independent Contrasts
Joe Felsenstein
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Independent Contrasts
Joe Felsenstein
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Independent Contrasts
38
Independent Contrasts
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Independent Contrasts Pairs
40
Independent Contrasts Pairs
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Independent Contrasts Pairs
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Independent Contrasts Pairs