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Title: Chapter 4: The Fall of Tsarism


1
Chapter 4 The Fall of Tsarism
  • Revolution

www.mennosimons.ab.ca/resource/russ_rev.ppt
2
What is a Revolution?
  • A complete change in the way things are done
    (Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution,
    Russian Revolution)
  • Sometimes peaceful
  • Sometimes violent
  • Russian Revolution the overthrow of the Tsars
    government and the establishment of Communist Rule

3
Events and Personalities Leading up the 1917
Revolution
  • Karl Marx
  • Spontaneous revolution of the working class
  • Let the ruling classes tremble at the prospect
    of a communist revolution. Proletarians have
    nothing to lose but their chains. They have the
    world to win. Proletarians of all lands, unite!
  • Vladimir Lenin
  • Planned revolution by professional
    revolutionaries
  • Revolution of all oppressed classes of society

4
Bloody Sunday
  • Unarmed peasants, led by Father Gapon, marched to
    Winter Palace singing, God Save the Czar
    carrying petition requesting shorter work days,
    minimum wage, calling of a constituent assembly
    to create a constitution for Russia.
  • Palace Guards fired upon crowd killing hundreds,
    injuring thousands (without orders)
  • Bond between Czar and his people broken forever

5
Tsar Nicholas II
  • Not a strong leader
  • Did not keep promises made to increase personal
    freedoms (free speech, freedom of religion,
    freedom of movement, freedom of language)
  • Easily influenced by Rasputin
  • Did not give DUMA (national parliament, much
    power)

6
World War I
  • Russia unprepared for war
  • Not enough supplies (food, weapons, clothing)
  • Army poorly organized
  • Soldiers didnt understand why they were fighting
  • Tsar Nicholas II and his ministers provided poor
    leadership and organization

7
Events of the Revolution
  • February 1917
  • Spontaneous uprising of peasants
  • Protesting shortage of bread
  • Industrial strikes
  • Tramcars (city transit) forceably stopped
  • Breaking of shop windows
  • Waving red flags that read, Down with war!

8
Revolutionaries Take Over
  • When revolutionary leaders realized the
    revolution was actually happening, they tried to
    organize the events to their benefit.
  • Leaders of Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and Social
    Revolutionaries all joined together calling a
    three-day general strike
  • At least 60,000 soldiers join the revolutionaries
  • These leaders, together with soldiers set up a
    Soviet (council)
  • Take control of Petrograd (St. Petersburg)
  • Duma disobeys Tsars orders to dissolve and form
    the Provisional Government to run Russia
  • Tsar Nicholas II steps down in favour of his son,
    Alexis, with Tsars brother acting as regent
  • Tsars brother refuses succession
  • Romanov line to Russian throne ends
  • Romanov family placed under house arrest
    (confined to palace)
  • Russia now governed by a Provisional Government

9
Provisional Government
  • Declared all Russian citizens equal
  • Freedom of speech, religion, press, and assembly
    given to all citizens
  • Unions and strikes legal
  • Planned on continuing war
  • Provisional Government made these promises, but
    asked people to wait
  • People tired of waiting and listened more and
    more to the revolutionaries

10
Alexander Kerensky
  • Leader of small socialist party became Russias
    Prime Minister in July
  • Wanted to establish Parliamentary Democracy
  • Well educated and an excellent speaker, he lacked
    strong leadership abilities

11
Bolsheviks
  • Believed that a small group of trained
    revolutionaries could lead the workers to
    overthrow the Provisional and establish communism
    in Russia
  • Led by Lenin
  • Tried to attract the people with slogans like,
    All Power to the Soviets and Bread, Peace, and
    Land

12
Bolsheviks
  • Lenin headed the Bolsheviks, the radical wing of
    the Russian Social Democratic Party
  • The Bolsheviks capitalized on the governments
    insistence on continuing the war, its inability
    to feed the population, and its refusal to
    undertake land reform
  • Eventually the Bolsheviks gained control of the
    Petrograd soviet

1922 poster declaring Starvation is strangling
Russia
ocean.otr.usm.edu/w416373/102/HIS102Lsn11RussianR
evolutionCommunismFascismNationalSocialism.ppt
13
Bolshevik Revolution
  • By end of September, there was widespread peasant
    rebellion in Russia
  • Lenin left Finland in disguise and attended a
    secret Bolshevik meeting in Petrograd
  • Bolsheviks held mass meetings with thousands in
    attendance
  • Kerensky declares Russia to be in a state of
    emergency and orders arrest of Trotsky and other
    Bolshevik leaders

14
Bolsheviks
  • On Oct 24-25, 1917, the Bolsheviks stormed the
    Winter Palace and seized control in a virtually
    bloodless insurrection
  • The Bolsheviks ended Russias involvement in
    World War I by signing the treaty of
    Brest-Litorsk with Germany on March 3, 1918

Picture purportedly original, but actually a
reenactment, of the Bolshevik storming of the
Winter Palace
15
How Did Bolsheviks Win?
  • Kerensky not a strong leader
  • Provisional Government disorganized
  • Other parties not as organized as Bolsheviks
  • Bolsheviks composed of professional
    revolutionaries dedicated to their goals and
    capable of carrying them out

16
What Did Lenin Do Upon Coming to Power?
  • Immediately proposed an end to War (WWI) (what
    peasants wanted most was peace)
  • Proposed the distribution of all land to
    peasants, landowners would not be paid for land
    taken from them
  • Lenins proposals adopted

17
After the Revolution
  • Bolsheviks encountered stiff resistance in some
    cities
  • Bolsheviks defeated in Kiev (Ukraine)
  • Bolshevik power weak in Siberia, Georgia,
    Armenia, and Central Asia
  • Strongest in Central Russia and in large cities
    where many workers lived

18
Ending WWI
  • Bolsheviks needed peasant support to stay in
    power
  • Lenin decided to get Russia out of WWI and send
    peasant soldiers home
  • In March of 1918, Lenin signed treaty with
    Germany accepting German occupation of Ukraine,
    Belorussia, the Baltics, and Finland
  • Russia lost over one quarter of its farmland and
    one third of its population, almost all its coal
    mines, and more than half its industries
  • Huge loss to Russias economy

19
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20
Civil War
  • Civil war lasted from 1918 to 1921
  • Some non-Russian nationalities took up arms to
    win independence from Russia
  • Fight by Bolsheviks to establish communism in
    Russia, which was renamed the Russian Soviet
    Federated Socialist Republic (USSR) in 1918
  • Bolsheviks changed their name to the Communist
    Party

21
Civil War
  • Britain, France, Japan, and the US all sent
    troops and supplies to aid the Whites but the
    Whites were defeated in 1920
  • 10 million are estimated to have died in Russias
    civil war

1919 Bolshevik poster showing the three White
generals as vicious dogs under the control of the
US, France and Britain.  
22
Civil War
  • The Bolsheviks and their opponents fought a civil
    war from 1918 to 1920
  • Lenin established Moscow as his capital and
    initiated the Red Terror against the Whites
  • Secret police (the Cheka) killed 200,000 of
    Lenins opponents
  • In July 1918, the Bolsheviks executed Nicholas II
    and his family to prevent them from being
    manipulated by the Whites

The Romanov Family
23
End of Romanovs
  • Taken to Western Siberia
  • After Bolsheviks took power taken to Ekaterinburg
    (in Ural Mountains)
  • Lenin sent telegram authorizing their execution
  • Taken to cellar at 130 a.m. with family doctor
    and servants
  • Nicholas and Alexandra fell first under the hail
    of bullets
  • Bullets bounced off the daughters, diamonds found
    in their corsets
  • Those who survived the bullets were killed by
    bayonets
  • Bodies loaded onto truck, stripped of jewels,
    thrown into a mine
  • Mine not deep enough to hide them, bodies dumped
    into a pit in a marshy area
  • Even the family dog was killed

24
Bolshevik Success
  • Their enemy was not united
  • Trotsky created a well-organized and disciplined
    army increasing the size of the Red Army by
    conscripting thousands of workers and peasants as
    well as former Tsarist soldiers
  • Bolsheviks increased their support among workers
    and peasants by promising land and a brighter
    future
  • Used terror against opponents
  • In newly conquered areas, Bolsheviks used secret
    police to destroy all opposition, arresting and
    executing people on the spot

25
Results of Civil War
  • Much of Russia in ruins
  • Cities, land, factories destroyed after almost
    eight years of fighting
  • Millions died or fled country
  • Bolsheviks had mammoth task of rebuilding country

26
War Communism
  • During the civil war, the Bolsheviks adopted a
    hasty and unplanned course of nationalization
    called war communism
  • The Bolshevik government assumed control or
    ownership of banks, industry, and privately held
    commercial property
  • Landed estates and the property of monasteries
    and churches became national property
  • Private trade was abolished

27
War Communism
  • By 1920, industrial production had fallen to 1/10
    its prewar level and agricultural output was down
    50
  • Workers went on strike, demobilized soldiers
    flooded the workforce, peasants rebelled
  • Lenin had to do something

1920 Bolshevik poster entitled The Last Battle
shows a Red Army soldier knocking a capitalist
businessman off the world.
28
New Economic Policy
  • Lenin realized he needed to win back the workers
    so he radically reversed war communism,
    implementing the New Economic Policy in 1921
  • Temporarily restored the market economy and some
    private enterprise
  • However, Lenin died in 1924 before the plan could
    get a decent chance to work
  • A struggle for power ensued and Joseph Stalin
    emerged in control in 1928

Lenins body on display in Moscow
29
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30
Five Year Plan
  • Stalin replaced Lenins New Economic Plan with
    his first Five-Year Plan in 1929
  • Designed to transform the Soviet Union from a
    predominantly agricultural country to a leading
    industrial power
  • Set targets for increased productivity in all
    spheres of the economy, especially heavy
    industry, at the expense of consumer goods
  • Expropriated privately owned land to create
    collective or cooperate farm units whose profits
    were shared by farmers
  • Even though consumer goods were almost
    non-existent, full employment in the midst of
    Global Depression made a centrally planned
    economy appear a viable alternative

31
The Great Purge
  • Stalin consolidated power by inciting a civil war
    within his own party to remove opposition
  • Between 1935 and 1938 he removed all people
    suspected of opposition from their positions of
    authority
  • By 1939, 8 million Soviet citizens were in labor
    camps and 3 million were dead

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
32
Soviet Labor Camp in Siberia
33
Possible References
  • This PowerPoint
  • Your textbook
  • The following websites
  • http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_revolution
  • http//www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture6.html
  • http//www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture7.html
  • http//campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/EastE
    urope/OctRev.html
  • http//www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/
  • http//www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target
    _at_DOCTITLE20Lenin2020Vladimir20Ilyich
  • http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSlenin.htm
  • en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin
  • http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/leni
    n_vladimir.shtml
  • www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/timeline/1900/1917-b
    .html
  • http//www.virtualclassroom.net/tvc/rusrev/sld007.
    htm
  • http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUScivilwar.h
    tm
  • www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/classroom/alevel/revol
    .htm

34
Events of Bolshevik Revolution
  1. Cruiser Aurora listens to Trotskey and disobeys
    Governments order to go out to sea
  2. Trotsky orders the removal of thousands of guns
    from the Fortress of Peter and Paul to arm the
    Red Guards (Bolshevik troops)
  3. Small bands of armed Bolsheviks seize important
    buildings (rail stations, telegraph exchanges,
    banks, printing plants, and powerhouses). Most
    regiments in Petrograd did not get involved.
  4. Trotsky declares Provisional Government
    overthrown, power now in hands of Soviets
  5. Kerensky escapes in American Embassy car
  6. Bolshevik troops surround Winter Palace and give
    ultimatum to surrender or be shelled ministers
    would not surrender
  7. Cruiser Aurora fires blank shells at Winter
    Palace to signal beginning of attack
  8. Bolsheviks (composed of soldiers, sailors, and
    workers) storm Winter Palace
  9. Bolsheviks encounter little resistance, mass
    confusion but few injuries
  10. Bolsheviks control Government, Lenin was new
    leader
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