Ling 390 - Intro to Linguistics - Winter 2005 Class 1 - Monday, January 3, 2005

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Step 1 Memorize IPA - practice quiz today - real
quiz on Tuesday (over consonants)!
Phonology is about looking for patterns and
arguing your assessment of those patterns (be
clear, orderly and logical) Course calendar may
change depending on you HW1 due Tues 1/17
practice for Quiz Quiz 1 is on Tues 1/17 Quiz 2
on Thurs 1/19
About me, you and this course. Webpage
web.pdx.edu/connjc
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Phonology - the organization of sound system of a
  language includes how sounds vary within
  contexts, the sequencing and distribution of
  sounds, and it is interfaced with other aspects
  of grammar like syntax and morphology.
• Phonemic distinction - a phonetic difference is
  meaningful
• Phonemes the minimal units that serve to
  distinguish words with each other (p. 20)

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Looking for meaningful contrast between sounds
• (distinctive sounds, sounds in opposition)
  phonemes

• Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings
  that differ by only 1 segment found in the same
  position in each form
• Like 2 words that rhyme (minimal pairs test for
  consonants)
• sip and zip show a meaningful difference between
  the segments s and z
• Because of this minimal pair, we can say for sure
  that /s/ and /z/ are separate phonemes
• Can also use minimal triplet or for more, minimal
  set

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Minimal pairs is a test used to find phonemes
• Phonemes - segments that contrast with each
  other in a particular language belong to separate
  phonemes
• Cant always find MP for all phonemes in all
  environments
• only occur in certain
  environments in English

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same
  environment then they are in complementary
  distribution

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same
  environment then they are in complementary
  distribution

voiceless stop
aspirated voiceless stop
unreleased voiceless stop
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Allophones - When two or more segments are
  phonetically distinct but phonologically the same
  (predictable variation).

at the Daily Planet
saving the world
at Darcelles
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Phonetic representation - shows all allophones
  and all information about segments that is
  phonetically produced
• Phonemic representation - only shows phoneme

Phonemic representation
/p/
Phonetic representation
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• English one phoneme /p/ and allophones include
  p and ph

Phonemic representation
/p/
p ph
Phonetic representation

• Thai 2 phonemes /p/ and /ph/

Phonemic representation
/p/ /ph/
p ph
Phonetic representation
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• Complementary Distribution - remember that the
  phoneme /p/ has 3 allophones

Ch2 Phonemic Analysis
Environments
Phonetic Environments Examples ___ word
initial ___ word final s ___ after
s ___ C before a consonants C ___ V
between a consonant and a vowel V ___ V
between two vowels V ___ word-final after a
vowel C ___ word-final after a consonant
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• The component of the grammar that determines the
  selection of speech sounds and that governs both
  the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic
  variation found in language.
• Phoneme - the idea of the sound and
  organizational unit for all its allophones - in
  yo head
• Allophones - the phonetic realizations of the
  phoneme in certain phonetic environments - out
  yo mouth

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis
Yes - minimal pairs 1-7 2-8 3-9 4-10 so
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis
Phonetic Environments ___ word initial ___
word final s ___ after s o ___ e
between o and e
Phonetic Environments ___ C before a
consonant C ___ V between a consonant and a
vowel V ___ V between two vowels V ___
word-final after a vowel C ___ word-final
after a consonant
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis
organize your data
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis
Organize your data! Where does each sound
occur? List the specific immediately preceding
sound and the specific immediately following
sound (dont generalize yet!)
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis
Phonetic Environments ___ word initial ___
word final s ___ after s o ___ e
between o and e
Phonetic Environments ___ C before a
consonant C ___ V between a consonant and a
vowel V ___ V between two vowels V ___
word-final after a vowel C ___ word-final
after a consonant
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis
Organize your data! Where does each sound
occur? List the specific immediately preceding
sound and the specific immediately following
sound (dont generalize yet!)
before a, o, e, o, word initially, etc
elsewhere
all before u
all before i
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Underlying representation (UR) - the
  unpredictable phonological information
  represented in a phonemic representation (green
  folders)
• Surface representations (PR) - the phonetic
  representations (manila folders)
• We use rules (formalized phonological processes)
  to derive the PR from the UR

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis
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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• The text talks about /eI/ shortening that the
  vowel is shorter before voiceless consonants.
  See data on p. 22 for more details. Everyone
  understand this?

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• We use rules (formalized phonological processes)
  to derive the PR from the UR
• Phonological rules are
• language specific not all languages follow the
  same rules (not all langs have shorter vowels
  before voiceless consonants)
• Productive extend to novel cases If new word
  create in Eng, vake, would follow shortening rule
• Give rise to well-formedness intuitions
  violations are sensed intuitively
• Untaught not something we learn through direct
  instruction, but rather intuitively
• Form part of unconscious knowledge these are
  rules we follow but dont know we follow why we
  dont necessarily know that there is a shorter
  vowel before voiceless consonants

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Basically, based on the distribution of sounds,
  we can say that these sounds are in complementary
  distribution. All of the allophones except 1
  will be predictable (they will occur in a
  predictable environment usually due to
  assimilation or something like that). The 1
  allophone that is NOT predictable we call
  elsewhere. This way, we can use that as the
  phoneme (the least predictable allophone) and
  write a rule do derive other allophones.

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Think about Japanese data we could say that one
  of the affricates is the phoneme, and we would
  have to write a very messy rule to predict where
  its allophone of t would occur!
• We are going backwards from the data and based on
  the distribution and patterning of sounds, we are
  theorizing that certain sounds are organized
  under 1 unit (a phoneme) and there are rules to
  predict its occurrence

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Formalizing phonological rules the first step
  is to be able to state in prose and use a
  simplified features system
• Look at the data for /l/ in Eng on p. 25 (below
  too). Everyone understand the analysis?

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Now we can come up with rules to derive the
  non-elsewhere allophones. See list of rules on
  p. 29 and below
• Note that some use ___ to indicate word final
  while text uses ___ word

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Now look at derivations on p. 30 (below). Need
  to run all possible /l/ instances through all
  rules to make sure that the rule applies when it
  does and it doesnt apply incorrectly

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Minimal pair vs. near minimal pair.

• Minimal Pair
• sip and zip show a meaningful difference between
  the segments
• s and z

• Near Minimal Pair
• author and either show a meaningful difference
  between the segments

• However, if we are trying to find allophones of 1
  phoneme, then a near minimal pair could include
  words where the 2 sounds in question are just in
  the same environment but not necessarily a
  minimal pair like tether and pleasure

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• It is due to phonology and organization of sounds
  that can differ between languages rather than the
  sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• It is due to phonology and organization of sounds
  that can differ between languages rather than the
  sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• It is due to phonology and organization of sounds
  that can differ between languages rather than the
  sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.
  
• Looking at the 4 sounds involved here are how
  they are phonetically related.

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• It is due to phonology and organization of sounds
  that can differ between languages rather than the
  sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.
  
• Looking at the 4 sounds involved here are how
  they are phonologically different in the 2
  languages.

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Massai data - we notice that there can be
  complementary distribution identified for 3
  sounds belonging to 1 phoneme for 3 different
  phonemes. Notice that the same rule can be
  applied to all the different allophones and that
  this is a more general process due to natural
  classes.

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Natural class of sounds is defined as any
  complete set of sounds in a given language that
  share the same value for a feature or set of
  features. (p. 43) Note that it needs to be all
  sounds possible for that language they will
  usually behave the same (share phonological
  rules).

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Minimal pair vs. near minimal pair.

• Minimal Pair
• sip and zip show a meaningful difference between
  the segments
• s and z

• Near Minimal Pair
• author and either show a meaningful difference
  between the segments

• However, if we are trying to find allophones of 1
  phoneme, then a near minimal pair could include
  words where the 2 sounds in question are just in
  the same environment but not necessarily a
  minimal pair like tether and pleasure

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Practice with Phonemic analysis in class
  exercises - groups

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Practice with Phonemic analysis in class
  exercises - groups

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Ch2 Phonemic Analysis

• Added slide!

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• fo? nEkst ta?Im
• Keep on Ch 2 /Start Ch 3
• Remember Quizzes on IPA next week and HW1 due on
  Tuesday!