Title: Confined Space Entry A Training Program for Entrants and Attendants
1Confined Space EntryA Training Program for
Entrants and Attendants
2COURSE OBJECTIVES
- Establish Confined Spaces Role in Todays
Industry. - Discuss OSHAS requirements for Confined Spaces.
- Discuss Principle Hazards involved with CS Entry.
- Discuss Basic Skills in Hazard Recognition
Control. - Discuss Confined Space Assessment Techniques.
- Discuss Confined Space Fall Protection Systems.
- Discuss Hazards Associated with Fall Protection.
- Discuss Rescue and Retrieval Requirements.
3BASIS FOR THIS COURSE
- 1.6 Million Workers Enter Confined Spaces
Annually. - The Standard is Expected to Reduce Accidents by
85. - Untrained Rescuers Account for 60 of Annual
Deaths. - Most workers who survive lose time from their
job. - This training helps improve
- Safety
- Morale
- Productivity
- Employee well-being
4Three Sections
5The LawRegulatory Overview of 49 CFR 1910.146,
Permit Required Confined Space Standard
649 CFR 1910.146
- Contains requirements for practices and
procedures to protect employees in general
industry from the hazards of entry into permit
required confined spaces (PRCS). - Does not apply to agriculture, construction, or
shipyard employment.
7Definitions
8Confined Space
- Is large enough and so configured that an
employee can bodily enter and perform assigned
work and - Has limited or restricted means for entry or
exit and - Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.
9Is the space large enough and so configured that
an employee can bodily enter and perform
assigned work?
No
Yes
Does the space have limited or restricted means
for entry or exit?
No
Yes
Is the space designed for continuous employee
occupancy?
Space is not Confined Regulation does not apply
Yes
No
Space is Confined Begin classification process
10Permit Required Confined Space
- Contains or has a potential to contain a
hazardous atmosphere - Contains a material that has the potential for
engulfing an entrant - Has an internal configuration such that an
entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by
inwardly converging walls or by a floor which
sloped and tapers to a smaller cross-section or - Contains any other recognized serious safety or
health hazard.
11Hazardous Atmosphere
- An atmosphere that may expose employees to the
risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of
ability to self-rescue, injury or acute illness
from one or more of the following causes
12Hazardous Atmosphere, cont.
- Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 of
its lower flammable limit (LFL) - Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that
meets or exceeds its LFL - Oxygen concentration below 19.5 or above 23.5
13Hazardous Atmosphere, cont.
- Concentration of any substance published in
Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental
Control, or Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous
Substances, in excess of its dose or PEL - Any other atmospheric condition that is IDLH.
14Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
- Poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or
- Would cause irreversible adverse health effects
or - Would interfere within individuals ability to
escape unaided from a permit space.
15Engulfment
- The surrounding and effective capture of a
person by a liquid or finely divided (flowable)
solid substance that can be aspirated to cause
death by filling or plugging the respiratory
system, or that can exert enough force on the
body to cause death by strangulation,
constriction, or crushing.
16Entry
- The action by which a person passes through an
opening into a permit-required confined space,
and includes ensuing work activities in that
space - Considered to have occurred as soon as any part
of the entrants body breaks the plane of an
opening into the space.
17Entry Permit
- The written or printed document provided by the
employer to allow and control entry into a permit
space.
18Prohibited Condition
- Any condition in a permit space that is not
allowed by the permit during the period when
entry is authorized.
19Non-Permit Confined Space
- A confined space that does not contain or, with
respect to atmospheric hazards, have the
potential to contain any hazard capable of
causing death or serious physical harm.
20General Requirements
21General Requirements
- Employer decides if workplace contains a PRCS.
- If workplace contains permit spaces, employer
must inform employees of their existence and
location and that they are dangerous
22General Requirements
- If employer decides employees will not enter
permit spaces employer must positively ensure
they do not. - If employer decides employees will enter permit
spaces, employer shall develop and implement a
written entry program.
23General Requirements
- Employer may use alternate entry procedures
provided certain conditions and requirements are
met. - When there are changes in use or configuration of
a non-permit confined space that might increase
the hazards to entrants, employer shall, if
necessary, reclassify as a permit space.
24General Requirements
- A permit space may be reclassified as a
non-permit space - If there are no actual or potential atmospheric
hazards and if all hazards within the permit
space are eliminated without entry. - If entry is required to eliminate hazards, it
shall be according to regulations.
25Continued
- If hazards arise in reclassified permit space,
employees shall exit. - Employer shall certify in writing that all
hazards in permit space have been eliminated and
make this document available to each entrant.
26General Requirements
- When a host employer arranges for contractor to
perform permit space entry work, host employer
shall - Inform contractor of permit space entry program
- Apprise contractor of hazards, precautions and
procedures implemented for protection - Coordinate entry operations with contractor
27General Requirements
- Contractors shall inform the host employer of the
permit program to be followed and coordinate
multiple entry operations.
28Alternate Entry Procedures
- If alternate entry procedures are used
- No formal written program
- No permit system or permits
- No attendant or supervisor
- No rescue provisions
- Training is required
29Alternate Entry Procedures Conditions
- Employer demonstrates that the only hazard posed
by PRCS is actual or potential hazardous
atmosphere. - Employer demonstrates that continuous forced air
ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain safe
permit space. - Employer develops monitoring and inspection data
that supports the above demonstrations.
30Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements
- Any conditions making it unsafe to remove an
entrance cover shall be eliminated before
removing cover. - When entrance covers are removed, opening shall
be promptly and effectively guarded.
31Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements
- Before entry, internal atmosphere shall be tested
with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for
the following - Oxygen content
- Flammable gases and vapors
- Potential toxic air contaminants
32Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements
- There may be no hazardous atmosphere within the
space whenever any employee is inside the space. - Continuous forced air ventilation shall be used
as follows
33continued
- Entry is not permitted until hazardous atmosphere
is eliminated - Ventilation shall be directed to immediate areas
where employees are or will be present and
continue until all employees have left the space - Air supply shall be from a clean source and may
not increase the hazards in the space.
34Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements
- Atmosphere within the space shall be periodically
tested as necessary. - If a hazardous atmosphere is detected during
entry - Each employee shall leave the space immediately
- The space shall be evaluated to determine cause
and - Measures are taken to protect employees before
subsequent entries.
35Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements
- Employer shall certify in writing that space is
safe for entry and that all of the above
requirements have been met. - Certification to be available to each employee
before entry.
36Permit Program
37Permit Program
- Prevent unauthorized entry.
- Identify and evaluate hazards before entry.
- Establish safe practices, such as isolation,
purging inerting, ventilation, barricades,
lockout/tagout, etc.
38Permit Program
- Provide and maintain equipment necessary for safe
entry, including testing and monitoring,
ventilation, communications, personal protection,
lighting, barriers, ingress and egress, and
rescue. - Test permit space and document results.
39Permit Program
- Maintain acceptable conditions in permit space.
- Provide at least one attendant outside space.
- Identify duties of each employee and provide
training.
40Permit Program
Cont.
- Implement proper procedures for rescue.
- Establish written system for preparation,
issuance use and cancellation of permits. - Coordinated entry operations during multiple
employer entries. - Review entire entry program at least annually.
41Permit System
42Permit System
- The employer, through the permit system, shall
- Complete and document all steps necessary for
entry - Require initials or signature of person(s)
completing the steps - Post permit at entry portal
- Ensure permit is signed by entry supervisor.
43Permit System
- Duration of permit may not exceed time required
to complete assigned task. - Permit must be cancelled if a prohibited
condition arises, or the work has been completed. - Each cancelled entry permit must be retained for
one year to facilitate program review.
44Entry Permit
45Entry Permit
- Identifies
- Permit space(s) to be entered
- Purpose of entry
- Date and authorized duration for permit
- Authorized entrant(s)
- Attendant(s)
- Entry supervisor by printed name and signature
46Entry Permit
- Hazardous of the permit space
- Measures required to control hazards of the space
- Acceptable entry conditions
- Test results with signature or initials of
tester(s) - Rescue services, and the means to summon them
47Entry Permit
- Communication procedures and equipment
- All special equipment and procedures, including
PPE and rescue equipment - Any other information need to ensure safe entry
- Any additional permits needed (such as hot work)
48(No Transcript)
49Employee Training
50Employee Training
- Employer shall provide and certify completion of
training so that all affected employees acquire
the understanding, knowledge, and skill necessary
for the safe performance of assigned duties
51Employee Training
Cont.
- Before employee is assigned duties under the
regulation - Before there is a change in assigned duties
- Whenever employer has reason to believe either
that there are deviations from permit space entry
procedures or inadequacies in the employees
knowledge or use of these procedures.
52Employee Duties
53Duties of Authorized Entrants
- Employer shall ensure that all authorized
entrants - Know the hazards that may be faced during entry
(mode, signs, symptoms, and consequences of
exposure) - Properly use all required equipment
- Communicate with attendant as necessary to enable
attendant to monitor status and alert entrants of
need to evacuate.
54Duties of Authorized Entrants
- Alert attendant whenever any warning sign or
symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation or a
prohibited condition is detected. - Exit from permit space as quickly as possible
whenever - Order to evacuate is given by attendant or entry
supervisor
55- Entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of
exposure to a dangerous situation - Entrant detects a prohibited condition or
- Evacuation alarm is activated.
56Duties of Attendants
- Employer shall ensure that each attendant
- Knows that hazards that may be faced during
entry - Know the possible behavioral effects of hazards
- Continuously maintain accurate count of entrants
57Duties of Attendants
- Remains outside permit space during entry
operations until relieved by another attendant - Communicates with entrants as necessary to
monitor status and alert of need to evacuate
space - Monitors activities inside and outside space to
determine if safe for entrants to remain in space
and orders evacuation when necessary
58Duties of Attendants
- Takes the following actions when unauthorized
persons approach or enter a permit space while
entry is underway - Warns them to stay away
- Advised them to exit immediately if they have
entered and - Informs authorized entrants and entry supervisor
if unauthorized persons enter space.
59Duties of Attendants
- Summons rescue and emergency services when
emergency exit from permit space is necessary - Performs non-entry rescues per employers
procedure and - Performs no duties that might interfere with
their primary duty to monitor and protect
authorized entrants.
60Duties of Entry Supervisors
- Employer shall ensure that each supervisor
- Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry
- Verifies that acceptable conditions for entry
exist - Terminates entry when operations are completed or
a prohibited condition arises
61Duties of Entry Supervisors
- Verifies that rescue services are available
- Removes unauthorized persons who enter or attempt
to enter permit space during operations - Determines, whenever possible and at appropriate
intervals, that acceptable entry conditions are
maintained.
62Rescue Services
63Rescue Services
- Employer may elect to use on site or off-site
team.
64Rescue Services
- If an on-site team is selected
- Must be properly trained in entry procedures,
rescue procedures and PPE requirements - Permit space rescues must be practiced at least
annually from similarly configured spaces - Must be trained in basic first-aid and CPR, and
have at least one member currently certified.
65CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
- THE RESCUE TEAM
- Must meet basic requirements
- - Good endurance
- - Possess enthusiasm
- - Must be a capable leader
- - Must have a positive attitude
- - Good physical fitness and health
- - Must be capable of following orders
- - Must have same training as entrants
- - Must regularly participate in practical
exercises
66CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued
- RESCUE TYPES
- Horizontal
- Vertical
HORIZONTAL RESCUES VERTICAL
RESCUES
67CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued
- RESCUE SYSTEMS
- Non-entry Rescue
- Entry Rescue
ENTRY RESCUES NON-ENTRY
RESCUES
68CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued
- NON-ENTRY RESCUE
- Safest for rescuer.
- Requires extensive entrant training.
- Tripod (or equivalent most common).
- NFPA approved rope may be used (151 tensile
strength).
- ENTRY RESCUE
- Used when obstacles prevent non-entry rescue.
- Requires extensive rescue team training.
- Various entry methods can be used.
69CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued
- VICTIM CARE (No apparent injuries)
- Assess physical condition.
- Look for signs of shock.
- Keep head stable and airways open.
- Dont Injure the victim during extrication.
- Wristlets may be used if no trauma is created.
70CONFINED SPACE RESCUE
Continued
- VICTIM CARE (Injuries)
- Assess physical condition.
- Look for signs of shock.
- Keep head stable and airways open.
- Immobilize the spine.
- Plastic Skeds are very useful.
- Never move or care for an injured victim unless
you - have been trained to administer first aid.
- If the situation is life or death use your
best - judgment.
71Rescue Services
- If an off-site team is selected
- Inform rescue services of hazards they may
confront - Provide rescue service with access to all permit
spaces so they can develop appropriate rescue
plans and practice rescue operations.
72Rescue Services
- Host employer is required to ensure that
arranged-for rescue services can effectively
respond in a timely manner to a rescue summons
and Evaluate their efficiency.
73Rescue Services
- If injured entrant is exposed to a substance with
a required MSDS or similar document, it shall be
made available to medical facility treating
entrant.
74Non-Entry Rescue
- Retrieval systems or method shall be used
whenever entry is made, unless the retrieval
equipment could increase overall risk of entry or
would not be of value.
75Non-Entry Rescue
- Each entrant shall use a chest or full body
harness, with retrieval line attached at the
center of their back near shoulder level, or
above their head.
76Non-Entry Rescue
- Wristlets may be used in lieu of the chest or
full body harness is employer can show use of
chest or body harness is infeasible or creates a
greater hazard and that use of wristlets is
safest and most effective alternative.
77Non-Entry Rescue
- Other end of retrieval line shall be attached to
a mechanical device or fixed point outside permit
space for immediate use. - Mechanical devices shall be used to retrieve
personnel from vertical type permit spaces more
than 5 feet deep.
78Permit Required Confined Spaces
- Movie Death Trap - Permit Required Confined
Spaces
79Controls
80Atmospheric Monitoring General Testing Protocol
81ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
- OSHAS RECOMMENDATIONS
- Remember
- Follow your permit instructions
- Instruments should be adequately sensitive
- Instruments should be calibrated and documented
- Users should be technically qualified
- Testing must be done prior to each entry
ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH
IN CONFINED SPACES
82ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
- INSTRUMENT FUNCTION TESTS
- Do not replace calibration
- Blow into 02 sensors to test 02 deficiency
- A solvent marker will test for combustibles
- Using a butane lighter is not recommended
- Function tests must be done prior to each entry
ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH
IN CONFINED SPACES
83ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA)
- PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PELs)
- FOUND IN 29 CFR 1910.1000 (THE Z TABLES)
- ESTABLISHES OSHAs EXPOSURE LEVELS
- LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE
RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (NIOSH)
- RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (RELs)
- USED TO DEVELOP NEW OSHA STANDARDS
- FOUND IN NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
OCCUPATIONAL - HEALTH STANDARDS
84ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
APPROXIMATE VALUES
85ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE HEALTH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration
from which one could escape within 30 minutes
without experiencing any irreversible adverse
health effects. In practice, when the
concentration of a toxic substance in a given
area is known, IDLH levels may be used for
determining whether self-contained breathing
apparatus is needed when entering the area. If
the concentration exceeds the IDLH level,
positive- demand, self-contained breathing
apparatus should be used.
86ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
HAZARD LIMIT CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
(PPM) 35 PPM HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) (PPM) 10
PPM OXYGEN (O2) 19.5 - 23.5 LOWER
EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL) 10 gt
ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN
CONFINED SPACES
87ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
TMX412 MULTI-GAS MONITOR
HAZARDS DETECTED OXYGEN (O2) CARBON
MONOXIDE (CO) HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) LOWER
EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL)
TYPICAL GAS MONITOR
88ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)
The richer point at which a mixture of
flammable vapor and air will no longer support
combustion
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)
The leaner point at which a mixture of
flammable vapor and air will no longer support
combustion
COMBINED, THE ABOVE EQUAL THE FLAMMABLE RANGE
89ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE
ACETONE
FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2.5 - 13
FLAMMABLE LIMITS
90ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
TOXICS
CARBON MONOXIDE - TLV 35 PPM (ACGIH)
- PEL 50 PPM (OSHA)
- IDLH
1200 PPM
HYDROGEN SULFIDE - TLV 10 PPM (ACGIH)
- PEL 10 PPM
(OSHA) -
IDLH 100 PPM
91ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
CONSIDERATIONS - BATTERY CHECK -
CALIBRATION - OXIDIZERS - ACIDS - DATA
INTERPRETATION
92ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
ACCESSORIES - BATTERY - PUMP -
SAMPLING TUBE - SAMPLING TUBE FILTER
93ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
94ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
95ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
- SAMPLING STRATEGIES
- Evaluation Testing - Evaluation of hazards
- present
in the permit space. -
- Verification Testing - Verification that
acceptable - entry
conditions for entry - into
that space exist.
96ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
- SAMPLING STRATEGIES
- Duration of Testing - Measurement of values for
- each
atmospheric parameter - should
be made for at least - the
minimum response time - of the
instrument specified - by the
manufacturer.
97ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES
lt1
Vapor Density Air 1 lt1 Lighter than Air gt1
Heavier than Air
AIR1
gt1
98ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES
-
- Sample every 3 to 4 ft
- Dont trust your senses
- Dont get rushed
- Know the meter response time
- Keep the sampling tube out of
- the product
- Periodically retest
- Raise tube only as fast as the
- meter response time
TOP MIDDLE BOTTOM
99ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
-
- Retest after you enter
- Retest in your breathing zone
- Try and find the bad air!
- Dont degrade your own air!
- Think! Think! Think!
PERIODIC RETESTING
100ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
-
- Know your emergency response procedures!
- Immediately notify entrants of unsafe
conditions! - If there is any doubt - EVACUATE THE SPACE!
- Know the time it takes to evacuate!
- Dont try to remedy before ordering evacuation!
- EVACUATE THEN CONTROL THE HAZARD!
UNACCEPTABLE TEST RESULTS
101ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Continued
CONSULT THE OWNERS MANUAL FOR SPECIFICS REGARDING
THE INSTRUMENT YOU ARE USING DO NOT ASSUME
ANYTHING!
102Atmospheric Monitoring
- Movie Confined Space Atmospheric Testing
103Ventilation
104Ventilation
- Control Atmospheric Contaminants
- Prevent Fire and Explosion Hazards
- Control Heat and Humidity
105Ventilation
- Natural Ventilation
- Mechanical Ventilation
106Natural Ventilation
- Employs wind and thermal convection to dilute
atmospheric hazards - Dependant on configuration of confined space and
predictability of wind currents - Unreliable as a primary control method
- When natural ventilation is insufficient,
mechanical ventilation is necessary
107Mechanical Ventilation
- General Ventilation
- Local Exhaust Ventilation
- Method is dependant on the type and origin of the
hazard
108General Ventilation
- Utilizes mechanical means to supply
uncontaminated air to a permit space - Places the permit space in a positive pressure
atmospheric condition - Seldom effective in controlling fume and dust
generating processes
109CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION
Continued
- GENERAL VENTILATION
- Exhaust Ventilation
OUTSIDE
SPACE
110CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION
Continued
- GENERAL VENTILATION
- Supply Ventilation
SPACE
OUTSIDE
111Localized Exhaust Ventilation
- Captures contaminants at their point of
generation - Contaminated air is discharged outside the
confined space - Effective for welding, cutting, burning and
brazing operations - Should maintain an exhaust airflow velocity of at
least 100 linear feet per minute in the capture
zone
112Efficient Ventilation
- Depends on many factors
- fan or blower capacity
- configuration and size of space
- number and size of openings
- airborne contaminant, its properties, and point
of generation - position of blower and length of ductwork
113Ventilation Problems
- Recirculation
- Short-circuiting
114Recirculation
115CONFINED SPACE VENTILATION
Continued
BETTER PLACEMENT
116Short Circuiting
117Ventilation Techniques
- Movie Confined Space Ventilation
118Cleaning and Purging
119Cleaning and Purging
- Residues of hazardous chemicals must be cleaned
- Pre-entry cleaning and purging are necessary to
decrease chance of atmospheric hazards
120Cleaning and Purging
- Ensure that material feed lines are completely
and effectively isolated - Drain or pump out contents - remove as much as
possible - Test for hazardous atmosphere
- If atmospheric hazards are present, the space
must be purged and ventilated
121Cleaning and Purging
- The purging agent used will depend on the
following - The product in the space and any possible
reaction with the purging agent - The work to be performed in the space
- The suspected hazards
122Cleaning and Purging
- It may be necessary to purge with inerting gas,
i.e.. CO2, N, Ar, etc. - May be possible to utilize natural ventilation
- Water may be used to remove flammable and toxic
residues - Beware of of using steam on flammables with low
vapor pressure
123Cleaning and Purging
- When solvents are needed, make sure they are
compatible - After cleaning and purging, test the atmosphere
- If hazardous atmosphere exists, clean and purge
again - Continue to ventilate and frequently test the
atmosphere - Attempt to clean as much as possible from the
outside
124Lockout/Tagout
125Lockout/Tagout Program
- OSHA requires lockout/tagout program
- Identify and implement specific procedures in
writing - Use locks where equipment can be locked out
- Ensure new equipment can accommodate locks
126Lockout/Tagout Program
- Institute procedures for release of
lockout/tagout - Obtain standardized locks and tags
- Require that lockout/tagout device is removed by
employee that applied it - Train employees in specific energy control
procedures
127Lockout/Tagout
- Energy within confined space poses significant
hazards - Equipment must be deenergized and locked out/
tagged out - OSHA requires energy sources to be locked out
- If energy source cannot be locked out, it must be
tagged out
128Lockout/Tagout
- OSHA differentiates between employees who are
authorized to perform lockout/tagout - Affected employees
- Authorized employees
129Lockout/Tagout Procedures
- Step One - Preparation for Shutdown
- Assure that affected employees are informed
- Identify all isolation points
- Determine if stored energy is present
- Select appropriate PPE
- Determine what tools and equipment is needed
- Obtain locks and hardware
130Lockout/Tagout Procedures
- Step Two - Equipment Shutdown
- Initial stopping of the flow of energy
- May be simple or complex
131Lockout/Tagout Procedures
- Step Three - Equipment Isolation
- Once equipment has been shut down, it must be
isolated - Can be achieved by opening a disconnect switch,
breaking a line, etc.
132Lockout/Tagout Procedures
- Step Four - Apply Control
- Attach locks and or tags to energy isolation
devices
133Lockout/Tagout Procedures
- Step Five - Dissipate Stored Energy
- Kinetic
- Electrical
- Potential
134Lockout/Tagout Procedures
- Step Six - Verify Effectiveness
- Before work begins, test operating controls
135Isolation
136Isolation
- Prior to allowing personnel to enter space
sources of energy present must be evaluated - The space must be isolated by disconnecting,
releasing, or restraining all energy sources
137Isolation Procedures
- Blanking and blinding
- Double-block and bleed
- Line breaking or misalignment
138Blanking and Blinding
- Absolute closure of a pipe
- Fastening of a solid plate that covers bore hole
- Plate should be made of same materials as the
line - Must be able to withstand maximum pressure
exerted by the line
139Blanking and Blinding
- Involves installing a blank between flanges with
leak-proof gasket - Should be marked to identify purpose
140Double Block and Bleed
- Three point system to prevent leakage into the
confined space - Two closed valves and an open drain or vent valve
located between - Lockout or tagout of valves adds additional
protection
141Line Breaking
- Intentional and physical disconnection of a pipe,
line, or duct - Added protection id obtained by misaligning or
removing a section - Any disconnected line should be monitored for
hazardous atmosphere to determine if leaking
142Control of Combustible orExplosive Dust
143Control of Combustible or Explosive Dust
- Interior surfaces must be kept clean as possible
- Sources of ignition must be removed from the
space - Static electricity must be prevented
- Ventilation is necessary
144Personal Protective Equipment
145Personal Protective Equipment
- Permit Spaces pose many types of hazards to
entrants - Various types of equipment may be necessary to
protect entrants - Proper planning and evaluation is necessary
146Head Protection
- Head injuries are caused by falling or flying
objects, or bumping the head against fixed
objects - Head protection must do two things
- Resist penetration
- Absorb the shock of a blow
147Head Protection
- Three classes of head protection
- Class A - general service, limited voltage
protection - Class B - utility service, high voltage
protection - Class C - special service, no voltage protection
148Eye and Face Protection
- Eye and face protection must be suitable for work
to be performed - Protection must meet the following minimum
requirements - Provide adequate protection for particular
hazards they are designed for
149Eye and Face Protection
- Be reasonably comfortable
- Fit snugly without interfering with movement or
vision - Be durable
- Be capable of being disinfected
- Be easily cleaned
- Be clean and in good repair
150Eye and Face Protection
- If employees are at risk of contact with
corrosive chemicals, an eyewash with at least
fifteen minutes flushing capacity is required - Must be in accordance with ANSI Z87.1-1989
151Hearing Protection
- Exposure to high noise levels can cause hearing
loss - Can also create physical and psychological stress
- Extent of damage depends on intensity and duration
152Hearing Protection
- Short term exposure can cause temporary loss
- Gradual and prolonged exposure can cause
permanent loss - There is no cure for permanent noise induced
hearing loss - Prevention is the key
153Hearing Protection
- Employees exposed to levels exceeding 85 decibels
- OSHA requires them to be included in hearing
conservation program - Employees must be trained in correct use,
maintenance, and limitations of protection used.
154Torso Protection
- Many chemical and physical hazards
- Pre-entry evaluation must include determination
of proper protective clothing - Includes clothing for particulate and chemical
protection, chemical splash suits, insulated
workwear, flame resistant clothing, etc.
155Arm and Hand Protection
- Wide variety of hazards to the arms and hands of
employees - Gloves, hand pads, sleeves and wristlets should
be considered
156Foot and Leg Protection
- Protection for feet and legs from falling or
rolling objects, sharp objects, molten metal, hot
surfaces, wet and slippery surfaces is required.
157Respiratory Protection
- OSHA standards require employers to establish
respiratory protection program when respirators
are necessary - OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134
158Respiratory Protection
- Respiratory protection devices fall into three
classes - Air-purifying
- Atmosphere or air supplying
- Combination air-purifying and air-supplying
159Air-Purifying Devices
- Clean contaminated atmosphere
- Chemicals can remove gases and vapors
- Filters can remove particulate matter
- Devices are limited
160Air-Purifying Devices
- Contaminant level must be within specified
concentration limitations of the device - Do not protect from oxygen deficient atmospheres
161Air-Purifying Devices
- Various types include
- Mechanical-filter respirators
- Chemical-cartridge respirators
- Combination respirators
- Gas masks
- Powered air-purifying respirators
162Air-Supplying Devices
- Provide respirable atmosphere to wearer
- Air supply is independent of ambient air
- Fall into three groups
- Supplied-air respirators (SAR)
- Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
- Combination SCBA and SAR
163Supplied-Air Respirators
- Deliver breathing air through a supply hose
- Air supply must be free of contaminants and from
clean source - Three classes of airline respirators
- Continuous flow
- Demand flow
- Pressure-demand flow
164SCBA
- Wearer is completely independent of the
surrounding atmosphere - Provides complete respiratory protection against
toxic gases and oxygen deficiency - Two basic types
- Closed-circuit
- Open-circuit
165Combination SCBA and SAR
- Airline respirators with auxiliary self contained
air supply - Provides back-up supply in the event the main
supply fails
166Combination Air-Purifying and Air-Supplying
Devices
- Provides protection in the event the air supply
fails - Recommended for asbestos work
167Precautionary Equipment
168Precautionary Equipment
- Once an entrance cover is removed, it must be
protected - Railings, temporary covers, fences, or barriers
- Protect employees from falling into confined space
169Communication Systems
170Communication Systems
- Attendants must monitor the activities of
authorized entrants - Reliable method must be in place
171Communication Systems
- Types of communications include
- Battery operated voice activated
- Continuous electronic monitoring equipment
- Hand operated communications
- Continuous voice contact
- Visual observation
172Retrieval Equipment
173Retrieval Equipment
- The standard requires employers to provide,
maintain and ensure the use of protective
equipment
174Retrieval Equipment
- Proper retrieval equipment generally includes
- Chest or full-body harness
- Life-line
- Mechanical winches
- Tripods
- Wristlets
175Retrieval Equipment
- The appropriate retrieval equipment will depend
on the following considerations - Size and configuration of the space
- The size and location of the opening
- Any obstacles within the space
- Whether or not rescue would be horizontal or
verticle - The potential hazards within the space
176Heat Stress
177Heat Stress
- Confined space operations may present potential
heat stress problems - Factors that contribute include
- high temperatures
- radiant heat sources
- high humidity
- direct physical contact with hot objects
- strenuous physical activity
178Heat Stress
- Personal characteristics that predispose an
individual to heat stress - Age
- Weight
- Degree of physical fitness
- Metabolism
- Use of alcohol and drugs
- Various existing medical conditions
179Heat Stress
- Heat disorders include
- Heat cramps
- Heat exhaustion
- Heat stroke
180Heat Stress
- Most heat related problems can be prevented
- The following basic precautions can reduce heat
stress problems - Acclimatization
- Engineering controls
- Work practices
- Work and rest
- Employee education
181Hot Work
182Hot Work
- Hot work includes operations which provide a
source of ignition - Welding and cutting
- Burning
- Riveting
- Grinding and spark/arc producing tools
- Static discharges
- non-explosion proof lighting
183Hot Work
- These operations pose unique hazards within
confined spaces - Fire and explosion hazards in the presence of
flammables - The generation of toxic atmospheres
- The generation of physical hazards, such as
noise, vibration, heat stress, etc.
184Hot Work
- A combination of engineering controls, work
practice controls and personal protective
equipment are required to reduce the hazards
associated with hot work
185Hot Work
- The control of hot work hazards must be
coordinated by using a hot work program which
includes - A written hot work permit
- Evaluation of the existing hazards
- Evaluation of potential hazards created from hot
work operations
186Hot Work
- General precautions to keep in mind include
- Use of localized exhaust ventilation
- Selection of appropriate tools
- Use of necessary protective equipment
- Surface coating and residues must be evaluated to
avoid creating hazards
187Hot Work
- Pipes, tubes, coils must be purged, flushed, or
cleaned - Hot work in non-permit space will change the
status of that space