Research Methodologies in Allied Health SAHP 418/518 Research Planning - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Research Methodologies in Allied Health SAHP 418/518 Research Planning

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Title: Research Methodologies in Allied Health SAHP 418/518 Research Planning


1
Research Methodologies in Allied Health SAHP
418/518Research Planning
  • Sandra Gunselman, Ph.D.

2
What I See Out My Back Window
3
Some of my friends and neighbors
4
My Contact Info
  • Durham Research Center Room 8062
  • Office phone 559-5335
  • Email sgunselman_at_unmc.edu

5
WHY DO RESEARCH
  • Multidisciplinary research is trend of future
  • Funding the big picture
  • Better patient care
  • Personal development and challenges

6
Todays Objectives
  • After lecture and class discussion, you will be
    able to
  • Brainstorm ideas for a research proposal
  • Give at least three reasons that a literature
    review is essential to a research proposal
  • Formulate a research hypothesis.

7
Planning Your Research
8
The Scientific Method
  1. State the problem
  2. State a testable or measurable hypothesis
  3. Plan the methods to be used for the study
  4. Do the study
  5. Analyze the data
  6. State the conclusions

9
Steps in Research Planning
  1. Identification of the research problem
  2. Retrieval and critical evaluation of literature
  3. Formulation of precise research aims or hypotheses

10
I. Identification of a problem
  • A. Select a topic that interests you
  • What am I interested in?
  • What is relevant to my practice?
  • What is unresolved in the literature?
  • What is of concern to society or my profession?

11
  • B. Select a problem that will increase scientific
    knowledge
  • That is meaningful.
  • That is appropriate for scientific inquiry.
  • That is doable.
  • Write your problem in a sentence or two.

12
Some advice for your proposal
  • Make it a question that has a
  • yes or no
  • answer of equal importance.
  • Write down references as you find and use them!

13
II. Do a literature search
  • To make certain no one else has done it.
  • To identify problems you may encounter.
  • To identify how you can add to previous work.
  • Find how your problem fits into the theory base.
  • To get ideas on measurement tools.
  • To refine your question or hypothesis.

14
Break from PowerPoint
  • The speaker has left the PowerPoint presentation
    and is demonstrating the website that is shown in
    the next six slides online in the classroom. You
    can follow along with the slides, or you may go
    to the website at
  • http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi

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21
How To Read A Research Manuscript
  • Authorship
  • Journal Type/Ranking- Nature, Science
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Materials and methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References always get primary knowledge when
    possible!

22
First author
Last author
23
Words to know
  • Cohort - A generational group as defined in
    demographics, statistics, or market research
    The cohort of people aged 30 to 39...
  • Confounder - To cause to become confused or
    perplexed.

24
III. Formulate Precise Research Aims or
Hypotheses
  • Purpose brief statement that identifies the
    specific intent of the study
  • Hypothesis statement of the likely outcome of a
    study.

25
A hypothesis is...
  • A tentative explanation for an observation,
    phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be
    tested by further investigation. (no or tentative
    data)

26
Theory is...
  • A set of statements or principles devised to
    explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially
    one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely
    accepted and can be used to make predictions
    about natural phenomena. (based on data)

27
Formulating Hypothesis
  1. Research strategy
  2. Variables
  3. Sampling
  4. Economic considerations
  5. Ethical considerations

28
Research StrategyNon-experimental vs.
experimental
  • Non-experimental strategy (Chapter 16)
  • no independent variable

Population
Sample
Data
Definition of population
Selection of cases to be studied
Observation and study of cases
29
  • Experimental strategy
  • Independent variable(s) available

Group 1
Data
Population
Sample
Assignment
Group 2
Data
Definition of population
Selection of cases to be studied
Intervention
Observation
30
2. Variables things that we measure,
control, or manipulate in research.
  • Independent variable variable that is
    manipulated or controlled by the researcher
  • Dependent variable variable that is only
    measured to determine if it is affected by the
    independent variable

31
Determining Independent vs. Dependent Variables
  • How does the independent variable affect the
    dependent variable?
  • Or
  • How does x affect y ?

32
9/11 pollution possible cause of smaller babies.
  • The Vancouver Sun, 8/16/03

33
Secondhand Smoke, Past Tobacco
Habits Irreversibly Damage Arteries in Study
Wall Street Journal
1/14/98
34
Its True Stress Can Make You Forget, Scientists
Say
Omaha World Herald
8/20/98
35
For your proposal
  • What variables will you study?
  • What independent variable are you manipulating?
  • What dependent variable do you expect to measure
    for change?

36
3. Sampling (Research Subjects)
  • Who or what?
  • Where?
  • How many?

37
4. Economic Considerations
  • What resources do you have?
  • What expenses are involved?
  • Do you need any equipment?
  • What expertise do you need?
  • Do you have time?

38
5. Ethical Considerations
  • Are you using human subjects or their protected
    health information (PHI)?
  • Is the intervention ethical?
  • Is IRB approval needed?

39
Is there any truly objective research???
  • Just the facts uninfluenced by emotions or
    personal prejudices?
  • NO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

40
Summary
  • Planning is vital first step for conducting
    research
  • Define and state the problem
  • Search the literature
  • Form hypothesis
  • Consider resources

41
Critical Evaluation of Research
  • What is the independent variable?
  • What is the dependent variable?
  • Who or what comprised the sample?
  • What is the research question?
  • Why is this question important?
  • What six key issues were identified in the
    literature review?
  • Are all findings in the literature review in
    agreement?

42
Group Work
  • Divide into groups by discipline
  • Use Research Proposal Notebook to
  • Brainstorm for topics
  • Work through questions 1-8
  • Report research question for research proposal
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