Title: Research Methodologies in Allied Health SAHP 418/518 Research Planning
1Research Methodologies in Allied Health SAHP
418/518Research Planning
2What I See Out My Back Window
3Some of my friends and neighbors
4My Contact Info
- Durham Research Center Room 8062
- Office phone 559-5335
- Email sgunselman_at_unmc.edu
5WHY DO RESEARCH
- Multidisciplinary research is trend of future
- Funding the big picture
- Better patient care
- Personal development and challenges
6Todays Objectives
- After lecture and class discussion, you will be
able to - Brainstorm ideas for a research proposal
- Give at least three reasons that a literature
review is essential to a research proposal - Formulate a research hypothesis.
7Planning Your Research
8The Scientific Method
- State the problem
- State a testable or measurable hypothesis
- Plan the methods to be used for the study
- Do the study
- Analyze the data
- State the conclusions
9Steps in Research Planning
- Identification of the research problem
- Retrieval and critical evaluation of literature
- Formulation of precise research aims or hypotheses
10I. Identification of a problem
- A. Select a topic that interests you
- What am I interested in?
- What is relevant to my practice?
- What is unresolved in the literature?
- What is of concern to society or my profession?
11- B. Select a problem that will increase scientific
knowledge - That is meaningful.
- That is appropriate for scientific inquiry.
- That is doable.
- Write your problem in a sentence or two.
12Some advice for your proposal
- Make it a question that has a
- yes or no
- answer of equal importance.
- Write down references as you find and use them!
13II. Do a literature search
- To make certain no one else has done it.
- To identify problems you may encounter.
- To identify how you can add to previous work.
- Find how your problem fits into the theory base.
- To get ideas on measurement tools.
- To refine your question or hypothesis.
14Break from PowerPoint
- The speaker has left the PowerPoint presentation
and is demonstrating the website that is shown in
the next six slides online in the classroom. You
can follow along with the slides, or you may go
to the website at - http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi
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21How To Read A Research Manuscript
- Authorship
- Journal Type/Ranking- Nature, Science
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References always get primary knowledge when
possible!
22First author
Last author
23Words to know
- Cohort - A generational group as defined in
demographics, statistics, or market research
The cohort of people aged 30 to 39... - Confounder - To cause to become confused or
perplexed.
24III. Formulate Precise Research Aims or
Hypotheses
- Purpose brief statement that identifies the
specific intent of the study - Hypothesis statement of the likely outcome of a
study.
25A hypothesis is...
- A tentative explanation for an observation,
phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be
tested by further investigation. (no or tentative
data)
26Theory is...
- A set of statements or principles devised to
explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially
one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely
accepted and can be used to make predictions
about natural phenomena. (based on data)
27Formulating Hypothesis
- Research strategy
- Variables
- Sampling
- Economic considerations
- Ethical considerations
28Research StrategyNon-experimental vs.
experimental
- Non-experimental strategy (Chapter 16)
- no independent variable
Population
Sample
Data
Definition of population
Selection of cases to be studied
Observation and study of cases
29- Experimental strategy
- Independent variable(s) available
Group 1
Data
Population
Sample
Assignment
Group 2
Data
Definition of population
Selection of cases to be studied
Intervention
Observation
302. Variables things that we measure,
control, or manipulate in research.
- Independent variable variable that is
manipulated or controlled by the researcher - Dependent variable variable that is only
measured to determine if it is affected by the
independent variable
31Determining Independent vs. Dependent Variables
- How does the independent variable affect the
dependent variable? - Or
- How does x affect y ?
329/11 pollution possible cause of smaller babies.
- The Vancouver Sun, 8/16/03
33Secondhand Smoke, Past Tobacco
Habits Irreversibly Damage Arteries in Study
Wall Street Journal
1/14/98
34Its True Stress Can Make You Forget, Scientists
Say
Omaha World Herald
8/20/98
35For your proposal
- What variables will you study?
- What independent variable are you manipulating?
- What dependent variable do you expect to measure
for change?
363. Sampling (Research Subjects)
- Who or what?
- Where?
- How many?
374. Economic Considerations
- What resources do you have?
- What expenses are involved?
- Do you need any equipment?
- What expertise do you need?
- Do you have time?
385. Ethical Considerations
- Are you using human subjects or their protected
health information (PHI)? - Is the intervention ethical?
- Is IRB approval needed?
39Is there any truly objective research???
- Just the facts uninfluenced by emotions or
personal prejudices? - NO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
40Summary
- Planning is vital first step for conducting
research - Define and state the problem
- Search the literature
- Form hypothesis
- Consider resources
41Critical Evaluation of Research
- What is the independent variable?
- What is the dependent variable?
- Who or what comprised the sample?
- What is the research question?
- Why is this question important?
- What six key issues were identified in the
literature review? - Are all findings in the literature review in
agreement?
42Group Work
- Divide into groups by discipline
- Use Research Proposal Notebook to
- Brainstorm for topics
- Work through questions 1-8
- Report research question for research proposal