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Planning and implementation of ecological sanitation projects

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Title: Planning and implementation of ecological sanitation projects


1
Planning and implementation of ecological
sanitation projects
  • Christine Werner, Florian Klingel, Heinz-Peter
    Mang, Patrick Bracken, Arne Panesar
  • Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
    Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
  • ecological sanitation programme, Division 44
    environment and infrastructure
  • 5th International Symposium on Wastewater
    Reclamation and Reuse for Sustaniability, IWA 8.
    - 11. November 2005 in Jeju, Korea

2
content of the presentation
Introduction
  • what is ecosan?
  • wastewater water and more
  • benefits of ecosan
  • range of technologies and basic project types
  • holistic sanitation and reuse planning and
    implementation
  • HCES and Bellagio principles
  • stakeholder participation
  • 10 step ecosan project planning and
    implementation process
  • some ecosan pilot projects
  • challenges and conclusion

3
shortcomings of conventional watercarriage
sanitation
Introduction to ecosan
fertilizer production from finite resources
food
overexploitation of groundwater
Mixing of flowstreams, misuse of drinking water
for transport
waste disposal in water bodies
sewage sludge
90 untreated
4
shortcomings of conventional drop and store
sanitation
Introduction to ecosan
5
principles of ecosan
Introduction to ecosan
6
closing the loop between sanitation and
agriculture
Introduction to ecosan
rainwater harvesting
restoring soil fertility
food
agricultural use
manure/organic waste
greywater
faeces
urine
treatment / hygienization /energy production
water reuse
no waste disposal in water bodies
7
advantages of ecological sanitation
Introduction to ecosan
  • Improvement of health by minimizing the
    introduction of pathogens from human excrements
    into the water cycle
  • Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of
    nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and
    energy
  • Preservation of soil fertility, Improvement of
    agricultural productivity
  • Conservation of resources
  • Preference for modular, decentralised
    partial-flow systems for more appropriate,
    cost-efficient solutions
  • Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary
    approach
  • Material flow cycle instead of disposal

8
ecosan principles
Introduction to ecosan
  • Ecological sanitation
  • is not a specific technology, but a new
    philosophy - based on an eco-system-oriented view
    of material flows - of dealing with what is
    presently regarded as waste and wastewater for
    disposal
  • considers human excreta and wastewater not as
    wastes but as natural resources
  • applies the basic natural principal of closing
    the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and
    reuse technologies
  • opens up a wider range of sanitation options
    than those currently considered.

9
composition of household wastewater
Introduction to ecosan
10.000 200.000 l
50 l
500 l
source Otterpohl
Volume Liter / (Personyear)
10
separation of substances
Introduction to ecosan
substances
treatment
utilisation
11
excreta are a valuable resource
  • more than 1/3 of global mineral fertilizer
    consumption can be covered by the reuse of human
    excreta
  • over 15 billion US fertilizer equivalent are
    annually flushed down the toilet

12
benefits of ecological sanitation
  • safe sanitation
  • healthy environment

souce www.virtualmuseum.ca
source Johannes Heeb
ecosan-toilets in Bangalore, India
13
benefits of ecological sanitation
  • improved soil quality through reuse of organics
  • restored soil fertility through nutrient reuse

none
urine
faeces urine
source Petter Jenssen
compost improved soil
source Vinnerås, 2003
untreated soil
after one week without water
14
benefits of ecological sanitation
source Petter Jenssen
  • recovery of energy content (covering about 20
    of cooking energy needs for a typical family in a
    developing country)
  • energy savings in fertilizer production
    wastewater treatment
  • reuse of water

15
centralised and decentralized systems
Introduction to ecosan
Partially decentralized
Centralized
Fully decentralized
source Larsen, 2001
  • centralized sewer system and treatment
  • recovery of nutrients and water e.g. through
    reuse of wastewater
  • small-scale closed cycles of water and materials
  • e.g. separate collection of urine or blackwater
  • centralized nutrient processing facility
  • centralized greywater sewer system and treatment

16
overview of ecosan technology-components
ecosan technologies
17
ecosan pilot projects
basic types of ecosan projects
18
new aspects to be considered in the planning and
implementation of ecosan projects
ecosan project planning
  • the integration of other relevant sectors in the
    assessment of the current situation and in all
    the planning activities and conceptual work
    agriculture sector (reuse), water supply, urban
    planning, solid waste management
  • the consideration of a much wider variety of
    sanitation solutions (technical, institutional,
    financial)
  • the necessity to focus on the assessment of the
    needs of the users of the sanitary
    facilities,service providers and the end users of
    the recyclates.
  • supply of relevant information to enable the
    stakeholder to make an informed choice
  • the consideration of smaller planning units and a
    greater number of decentralised options

19
ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach
Introduction to ecosan
20
Stakeholders in an ecosan project
21
ecosan project planning
The HCES approach (WSSCC)
  • Participation of stakeholders
  • Level of problem solving
  • Regarding excreta and wastewater as ressources

HCES Household (neighborhood) centered
environmental sanitation WSSCC Water Supply
and Sanitation Collaborative Council
22
ecosan project planning
10 ecosan project steps
  • GTZ proposes a 10 step approach to assure
    interdisciplinary and participatory planning in
    ecosan projects, based on the HCES-implementation
    guideline of the WSSCC
  • Within an enlarged start-up phase, the 10 steps
    complement classical planning instruments
    (feasibility study, technical design, etc.)

10 ecosan project steps Step 0 Raising
awareness Step 1 - Request for assistance Step 2
- Launch of planning consultation process Step
3 - Assessment of current status and
stakeholders Step 4 - Assessment of priorities,
user and reuser needs Step 5 - Identification of
sanitation and reuse options Step 6 - Evaluate
feasible service and reuse options Step 7 -
Consolidate ecosan plans for the study area Step
8 - Finalise consolidated ecosan plans for study
area Step 9 Implementation
Start-up phase
Awareness raising
Feasibility- Study
Detailed technical operational plans
Tendering, con- struction, ope- ration,
maintenance
23
10 ecosan project steps (0-5)
ecosan project planning
24
10 ecosan project steps (6-9)
ecosan project planning
25
Low cost Arborloo in Mondoro Village, Zimbabwe
ecosan pilot projects
Arborloo a simple pit latrine for ecological
sanitation practices
Arborloo principle
Arborloo construction work
Arborloo in Mondoro
26
ecosan dry toilet promotion in Guangxi-Province,
China (supported by SIDA and Unicef)
ecosan pilot projects
  • Large ecosan project in the phase of up-scaling
  • 1997, pilot project funded by SIDA/Unicef, 70
    ecosan (urine diverting dehydration toilets)
    built in pilot village, Dalu Village
  • 1998, 10.000 urine-diverting toilets were built
    in 200 ecosan villages in Guangxi
  • 2002, 100.000 ecosan toilets in Guangxi
  • 2003, 685.000 ecosan toilets in 17 provinces
    (Ministry of Public Health)
  • Factors of success cultural acceptance,
    political commitment, technical flexibility, low
    cost, income generation, pressure from water
    pollution and water scarcity, promotion and
    marketing

Photos Sandec, Text Mi Hua
27
KfW building, Germany
ecosan pilot projects
  • ecosan concept since 2003
  • Greywater recycling
  • Rainwater harvesting
  • Vacuum blackwater collection, eventually to be
    followed by anaerobic treatment


28
GTZ main office building renovations, Germany
ecosan pilot projects
  • Urine separation and collection
  • Research on
  • acceptance and technical function of urine
    separation
  • different treatment options and agricultural use
    of urine
  • biomembrane treatment and hygienisation of
    brownwater

GTZ headquarter Eschborn, Germany
Urine diversion toilets and waterless urinals
29
main challenges
  • increasing awareness
  • integration of reuse into planning
  • revision of legal frameworks technical
    standards
  • establishment of compara-tive full cost, benefit
    and risk assessments
  • finding innovative investors and adapting
    financing instruments
  • implementation of large scale urban projects

source Petter Jenssen
Greywater treatment in Norway
30
conclusion
  • business as usual will not allow us to meet
    the sanitation MGDs, as conventional systems
    have failed
  • we cannot continue to waste our non-renewable
    resources
  • ecological sanitation - comprising the reuse of
    water, nutrients, organics and energy - must be

    recognized and introduced as

    the new promising holistic and
    sustainable
    approach to
    provide safe and
    decent sanitation, reduce poverty, contribute to
    food security, preserve our environment and
    maintain our natural basis of life on earth
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