INTEGRATED OIL PALM-BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN SOUTH EAST ASIA : PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

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INTEGRATED OIL PALM-BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS
IN SOUTH EAST ASIA PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY

• C. DEVENDRA
• ( Consulting Tropical Animal Production
  Specialist ,
• 130A Jalan Awan Jawa, 58200 Kuala Lumpur
  , Malaysia ) 
•  

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Asian integrated systems

• Characterised by diversity of mixed crop-animal
  farming systems
• Provide 90 of the milk, 77 of the ruminant
  meat, 47 of pork and poultry meat, and 31 of
  the eggs
• Past growth trends indicate (Steinfeld, 1999)
• Mixed farming systems (2.2 / yr)
• Industrial systems (4.3 / yr), and
• Pastoral systems (0.7 / yr).

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Categories of integrated systems

• Systems combining animals and annual cropping
  are of two sub-types-
• Systems involving non-ruminants, ponds and fish
  eg. Vegetables- pigs ducks- fish systems (
  Vietnam ) , Rice maize- vegetables- sweet
  potatoes pigs dairy cattle ( China )
• Systems involving ruminants eg. Maize-
  groundnuts/ soya bean goats systems
  (Indonesia), Rice- finger millet- rice goats
  (Nepal).
• Systems combining animals and perennial cropping
  are of two sub-types-
• Systems involving ruminants eg. Coconuts sheep
  integration (Philippines )
• oil palm cattle integration (Malaysia)
• Systems involving non-ruminants eg. Oil palm
  chickens integration (Malaysia ).

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THE OIL PALM ENVIRONMENTCONDUCIVE PRODUCTION
ATTRIBUTES

• Forage DM availability 2.99- 2.16 mt / ha for
  3 and 5 year old palms reducing to 435-628 kg /
  ha for 10-29 year old palms (Chen et al., 1991)
• 60-70 forage species in young palms , which are
  reduced by about 66 in older palms
• Forage categories 56-64 grasses, 18-23
  dicotyledons , 3-19 legumes and 2-15 ferns
  for 3- 10 year old palms , and 50 grasses, 13
  dicotyledons , 2 legumes and 35 ferns (
  Wong and Chin, 1988 )
• About 72- 93 of the forages are palatable and
  of value to ruminants
• Carrying capacity 3 steers / ha in 3-4 year
  old palms to 0.3-0.4 steers /ha with over 7 year
  old palms , and
• The under- storey forage cover presents enables
  breeding animals and use in situ the range of CR
  and AIBP from oil palm.

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Types of ruminant-oil palm interactions

• 1). Beneficial effects of shade on livestock
• 2). Draught animal power on land preparation and
  crop
• growth
• 3). Effects of dung and urine on soil fertility
  and crop
• growth
• 4). Use of crop residues and AIBP from trees in
  situ
• 5). Use of native vegetation and effects on cost
  of weed
• control, crop management and crop growth,
  and
• 6). Type of animal production systems (extensive,
  systems
• combing arable cropping, and systems
  integrated with
• tree cropping).

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AVAILABLE FEEDS FROM THE OIL PALM
By-product Yield (mt/ha/ yr)
Edible 1. Oil palm fronds 2. Palm kernel cake 3. Palm oil mill effluent 4. Palm press fibre Non-edible 1. Bunch trash 2. Palm nut shells 0.62 0.96 0.04 0.23 10.74 0.15
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS

• Summary from 21 case studies involving cattle -
• 1).Increased animal production and income
• Due to increased productivity and meat offtakes
• 2). Increased yield of FFB and income
• By about 30 , and measures of 0.49 3.52 mt /
  ha / yr.
• 3). Savings in weeding costs
• By about 47- 60 , equivalent to 21 62 RM /
  ha / yr.
• 4). Internal rate of return (IRR)
• The IRR of cattle under integration was 19
  based on actual field data.
• 5). Potential further income
• Integration with goats can potentially
  further increase income.

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CONSTRAINTS TO INTEGRATION

• Include inter alia the following-
• Poor awareness of the potential of integrated
  systems eg. oil palm and ruminants
• Resistance by the crop- oriented plantation
  sector
• Inadequate technology application
• Problems in the supplies of animals
• High prices for crude palm oil
• Unattractive investment climate
• Weak inter-agency-private sector collaboration,
  and
• Absence of policies to promote integrated systems.

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CONCLUSIONS

• Integrated ruminant oil palm systems are
  potentially very important and are underestimated
  
• Ruminants enhance increased animal protein
  supplies, value addition in the oil palm and
  sustainable development
• Wider adoption of the systems is constrained by a
  lack of policy, high prices for crude palm oil,
  complacency, and inadequate technology
  application
• The economic impacts are considerable and are
  highlighted in several case studies including C
  sequestration
• Demonstrable environmental sustainability is
  evident , and
• Overcoming the constraints and building
  partnerships between various agencies and the
  private sector constitute the challenges for the
  immediate future.

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• THANK YOU