Tools and Machines

1
Tools and Machines

• What different tools can be used in production?

2
What is Manufacturing?

• What different tools can be used in production?
• What is the purpose of each tool?
• Take notes on your note sheet as we proceed
  through the presentation.

Stationary Machines Stationary Machines Handheld Tools Handheld Tools
Table Saw Band Saw Scroll Saw Lathes Jointers Planer Drill Press Belt Sander CNC Router Belt Sander Orbital Sander Jig saw Router Drills Circular Saws Nail/Staple Guns
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Stationary Machines

• What different tools can be used in production?

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Table Saw

• Work Practices
• Use proper blade for cutting action (for example,
  don't use crosscut blade for ripping).
• Operate saw at speed specified by the
  manufacturer.
• Maintain and sharpen blade
• Leave sufficient clearance for stock.
• Stand to side of the saw blade to avoid injury
  due to kickback.
• Guide stock parallel to the rip fence to minimize
  the potential for kickback.
• Avoid crosscutting long boards on table saws.
  Considerable hand pressure is required close to
  the saw blade, and the boards create a safety
  hazard to other people.
• Use a filler piece between the fence and the saw
  blade when necessary (e.g., when there is little
  clearance on the fence side).
• Properly support all pieces of stock, including
  the cut and uncut ends, scrap, and finished
  product.
• Keep hands out of the line of the cut.
• Use a push stick for small pieces of wood and for
  pushing stock past the blade.

• Purpose Used for straight sawing. Boards can be
  cross-cut or ripped.
• Possible Hazards Injuries can occur if an
  operator's hands slip as he or she is feeding the
  stock into the saw or if the operator holds his
  or her hands too close to the blades while
  cutting. The operator can also be injured when
  removing scrap or finished pieces from the table.
  

5
Band Saw

• Work Practices
• Use a blade of an appropriate size and type (for
  example, do not force a wide saw to cut on a
  small radius).
• Set the guard to just clear the stock when it is
  near the blade.
• Use a push stick to control the stock when it is
  near the blade.
• Use a special jig or fixture when cutting small
  pieces of stock.
• Possible Hazards
• The most common injury is caused by contact with
  the blade. Contact with the blade at the point of
  operation occurs because the operator's hands may
  come close to the blade during cutting, and band
  saws cannot be completely guarded.

• Purpose Band saws use thin, flexible, continuous
  steel strips with cutting teeth on one edge. They
  are used primarily for cutting curves in stock.

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Scroll Saw

• Work Practices
• Make turns slowly do not make sharp turns with a
  wide blade use a narrow blade for sharp turns.
• Potential Hazard
• Contact with the blade

Purpose Scroll saws are useful for
precision-cutting intricate curves and patterns
on thin stock. They have thin blades that move
rapidly up and down through the opening in the
saw table. The blade is held in upper and lower
chucks that pull it tight and keep it from
bending. A hold-down adjusts to the thickness of
the wood being cut.
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Lathe

• Work Practices
• For automatic wood-turning lathes with rotating
  knives, cover the cutter head with a metal shield
  or hood that completely covers the knives and
  material, except at the contact points, when the
  machine is in operation. A hinged shield permits
  adjustments when needed.
• For manual lathes, cover the cutter heads as
  completely as possible with a hood or shield.
• Cover lathes used for turning long stock with
  long curved guards extending over the top of the
  lathe. Such guards prevent the stock from being
  thrown from the machine, should the stock come
  loose.
• On hand-fed lathes, guard the tool and point of
  operation with a Plexiglas tool guard, as shown
  in Fig. 1.
• Enclose the power transmission with a fixed
  guard.
• Possible Hazards
• The primary hazards of lathes are contact with
  rotating parts and contact at the point of
  operation. Operators' hands, clothing, or jewelry
  may be caught on the rotating parts and pulled
  into the machine. The danger is greater with
  hand-fed lathes, because the operator works in
  such close proximity to the rotating stock and
  the cutting tool. With automatic lathes, the
  operator can contact the rotating parts if he or
  she reaches into the work area to adjust
  components while the machine is running. Flying
  chips are also a hazard on lathes.

Purpose Lathes are used for shaping round parts,
such as table legs.
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Jointer

• Work Practices
• Use hold-down push blocks when jointing wood
  narrower than 3 inches.
• As a general rule, never joint pieces of material
  that are less than four times the width of the
  bed opening.
• Avoid deep cuts. They increase the likelihood of
  kickbacks and require a larger table opening.
• Check knives regularly for proper setting and
  adjustment, but be sure to shut off the power
  first.
• Enclose the power transmission with a fixed
  guard.
• Possible Hazards
• Injuries can occur if the operator's hands and
  fingers come in contact with the knives. This can
  happen when the operator is jointing narrow
  lengths of stock, particularly when not using a
  jig or other holding device. Injuries can occur
  when the operator's fingers ride along the
  surface of the jointer while feeding the wood.
  Also, stock may be accidentally kicked away,
  exposing the operator's hands to the cutter head.

Purpose Jointers face or flatten wood and are
used primarily to joint small pieces of material.
The operator passes stock over a cylindrical,
multiple-knife cutter head, while keeping the
stock flush against a guide. The depth of the cut
is achieved by adjusting the front table.
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Planer
Purpose Planers, also called surfacers, are
woodworking machines used to dress and size
rough-sawed lumber on one or more sides - planing
boards to an even thickness. Planers are similar
to jointers except that the cutter head is above,
or above and below, the stock. Stock passes under
or between cylindrical cutter heads with multiple
knives. An operator's hands can come in contact
with the point of operation while adjusting the
blades. Operators' hands also may be pinched
between the stock and in-running rolls if the
feed system is not properly guarded.
10
Drill Press

• Work Practices
• The drilling machine operator may or may not be a
  skilled worker. The common drill press is used
  often by anybody in the shop and injuries can
  occur because of carelessness. The operator must
  position the stock, install the drill, operate
  and observe, and maintain housekeeping. The
  operator also must change speeds and feeds when
  required.
• Possible Hazards
• One of the most common causes of accidents that
  occur on a drill press is poor operator judgment.
  Often the operator will attempt to hand-hold the
  stock while drilling. When the drill enters the
  work, it can catch and twist the stock from the
  operator, which results in an uncontrolled
  rotating piece of wood. Other point-of-operation
  hazards include the rotating drill, which is
  rarely guarded, and hot chip generation.
• Operating controls often are simple on-off
  push-buttons with no emergency stop devices.
• Power transmission components often are exposed.
• Because the drill press is such a commonly used
  machine, it often is cluttered with chips and
  scraps, which create a hazardous work area.
• This machine is less hazardous than others only
  because of its simple operation nevertheless,
  familiarity with its operation is required.

Purpose A drill press is a wood cutting machine
that uses a multiple-cutting-edged rotating tool
to remove wood and produce a hole in the stock.
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Belt Sander

• Work Practices
• Keep hands away from abrasive surfaces.
• Sand on the downward-moving side of the disk or
  belt.
• Replace torn, frayed, or excessively worn belts
  or drums. A worn-out belt, disk, or drum can
  cause massive heat buildup, which can cause the
  belt, disk, or drum to tear or break and pelt the
  surrounding area with projected bits.
• Possible Hazards
• The primary safety hazard of belt sanders is that
  workers may catch their hands, clothing, or
  jewelry in the in-running rolls. Also, contact
  with an abrasive surface can cause abrasions and
  lacerations.

Purpose Sanders finish stock by using a coated
abrasive surface to remove material.
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CNC Router

• Work Practices
• Keep hands away from abrasive surfaces.
• Use quality stock that is unlikely to break.
• Avoid feeding the stock into the tool too
  abruptly or in the wrong direction.
• Always secure the stock to the template.
• Use tools only as intended.
• Possible Hazards
• Inadvertent contact with the rotating tool or
  cutter head when handling the stock or removing
  scrap from the table may cause injuries.
• Clothing or hair may be caught on a rotating
  cutter head.
• Tools can be flung from the cutter head if they
  are poorly fastened in the tool holder, if the
  wrong tool is used, or if the tool speed is too
  high.
• Kickback may be caused by poor-quality lumber
  such as if the stock breaks or incorrect work
  method, such as feeding the stock into the tool
  too abruptly or in the wrong direction, or poorly
  fixing the stock to the template.

Purpose Routers often are used for cutting and
shaping decorative pieces, making frame and panel
doors, and milling moldings.
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Handheld Tools

• What different tools can be used in production?

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Belt Sander

• Work Practices
• Use safety bit chucks with no projecting screws
• Enclose boring bits with a guard that encloses
  the bit and chuck above the material being worked
  
• Enclose the top of the cutting chain and driving
  mechanism
• Cover operating treadles with inverted U-shaped
  guard to prevent accidental tripping
• Sand on the downward-moving side of the disk or
  belt.
• Replace torn, frayed, or excessively worn belts.
  A worn-out belt can cause massive heat buildup,
  which can cause it to tear or break and pelt the
  surrounding area with projected bits.
• Possible Hazards
• In-running nip points - Clothing, hands, or hair
  may get caught by and pulled into the in-running
  rolls on automatic sanders or sanding belts.
• Wood splinters and chips may be thrown from the
  sanding action.

Purpose Handheld sanders finish stock by using a
coated abrasive surface to remove material.
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Orbital Sander

• Work Practices
• Keep hands away from abrasive surfaces.
• Sand on the downward-moving side of the disk.
• Replace torn, frayed, or excessively worn belts.
  A worn-out belt can cause massive heat buildup,
  which can cause it to tear or break and pelt the
  surrounding area with projected bits.
• Possible Hazards
• Contact with disc may occur.
• Wood splinters and chips may be thrown from the
  sanding action.

Purpose Handheld sanders finish stock by using a
coated abrasive surface to remove material.
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Jig Saw

• Work Practices
• Guard the blade with an adjustable or
  self-adjusting guard.
• Guard the portion of the blade below the stock
  that is being cut.
• Make turns slowly
• Do not make sharp turns with a wide blade
• Use a narrow blade for sharp turns.
• Possible Hazards
• Contact with the moving blade may occur.
• Wood chips and splinters may be thrown by the
  cutting action.

Purpose Handheld jig saws are useful for
precision-cutting intricate curves and patterns
on thin stock.
17
Handheld Router

• Work Practices
• Never start routing end grain first.
• Use Jigs or guards whenever possible.
• Increase the router speed if possible.
• Make sure the work piece is secure.
• Use proper means of wood dust collection.
• Always wear eye protection.
• Possible Hazards
• The most common hazards occur when routing end
  grain. The router bit can grab the work piece,
  causing the operator to lose control.
• Kickbacks can occur when operating the router at
  slow speeds.
• The cutting action of the handheld router may
  expose operator to splinters, sawdust, and flying
  chips.

Purpose Handheld routers are used for cutting
and shaping decorative pieces, making frame and
panel doors, and milling moldings.
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Handheld Drill

• Work Practices
• The drill gradually feeds into the work, it is
  changed very often, chips must be able to escape,
  and the stock must be moved around. Whenever
  possible, a hold-down fixture should be used
  rather than the hands.
• Good housekeeping and operator training are
  absolute musts.
• Possible Hazards
• One of the most common causes of accidents
  involving a drill is poor operator judgment.
  Often the operator will attempt to hand-hold the
  stock while drilling. When the drill enters the
  work, it can catch and twist the stock from the
  operator, which results in an uncontrolled
  rotating piece of wood. Other point-of-operation
  hazards include the rotating drill, which is
  rarely guarded, and hot chip generation.

Purpose A handheld drill uses a
multiple-cutting-edged rotating tool to remove
wood and produce a hole in the stock.
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Circular Saw

• Work Practices
• Use proper blade for cutting action (for example,
  don't use crosscut blade for ripping).
• Operate saw at speed specified by the
  manufacturer.
• Maintain and sharpen blade
• Leave sufficient clearance for stock.
• Properly support all pieces of stock, including
  the cut and uncut ends, scrap, and finished
  product.
• Keep hands out of the line of the cut.
• Good housekeeping and operator training are
  absolute musts.
• Possible Hazards
• Injuries can occur if an operator's hands slip
  while cutting the stock or if they are too close
  to the blade during cutting.
• Kickbacks can result if the blade height is not
  correct or if the blade is not maintained
  properly. Kickbacks are more likely to occur when
  ripping, rather than crosscutting. Kickbacks also
  can occur if safeguards are not used or if
  poor-quality lumber is cut.

Purpose Circular saws are used for straight
sawing. Depending on the blade, they cut either
across (crosscut) or with (rip) the grain of the
wood.
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Handheld Nail and Staple Guns

• Work Practices
• Compressed air guns should never be pointed
  toward anyone. Workers should never "dead-end" a
  pneumatic gun against them selves or anyone else.
  A chip guard must be used when compressed air is
  used for cleaning.
• Possible Hazards
• There is always the danger of getting hit by one
  of the tool's attachments or by some kind of
  fastener the worker is using with the tool.
• Like other pneumatic tools, there is a hazard of
  flying concrete, wood chips, and/or nails.

Purpose attach materials together using
compressed air to staple or nail the material.
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Demonstration Time

• You will now participate in a demonstration of
  each piece of equipment and try to operate it
  yourself.