An Effective Model for Technical Coordination in the Globalising Internet

1
An Effective Model for Technical Coordination in
the Globalising Internet

• Anne-Rachel Inné
• ICANN
• Implementing the WSIS Action Plan
• Nairobi
• 25-26 March 2004

2
Key points

• The challenge of international technical
  coordination in the 21st Century
• What ICANN does
• What we dont do
• The evolution of ICANN
• Why and how the private-public partnership works
  in policy making
• The market impact of ICANNs work

3
ICANN The Basic Challenge

• An effective mechanism for
• technical self-management
• by the global Internet community serving a
  globalised economy

4
ICANN The Basic Bargain

• ICANN
• Internationalization of Policy Management
  Functions for DNS and IP Addressing systems
• Multistakeholder Partnership Technical
  community, business, academia, users, and
  governments

5
As a private-public partnership, ICANN is
dedicated to

• preserving the operational stability of the
  Internet
• promoting competition
• achieving broad representation of global Internet
  communities and
• developing policy appropriate to its mission
  through bottom-up, consensus-based processes

6
Domain names IP addresses

• Domain names are the familiar, easy-to-remember
  names for computers on the Internet
• e.g., amazon.com, icann.org, nic.org.gh
• Domain names correlate to Internet Protocol
  numbers (IP numbers) (e.g., 98.37.241.130) that
  serve as routing addresses on the Internet
• The domain name system (DNS) translates domain
  names into IP numbers needed for routing packets
  of information over the Internet

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The DNS Tree
Root Zone File
?
TLDs
ke
ug
com
org
edu
ac
co
icann
afdb
www
sfc
med
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ICANN has a limited mission

• Ensure the stable and secure operation of the
  Internet's unique identifier systems. In
  particular, ICANN
• 1. Coordinates the allocation and assignment of
  the three sets of unique identifiers for the
  Internet, which are
• a. Domain names (forming a system referred to as
  "DNS")
• b. Internet protocol ("IP") addresses and
  autonomous system ("AS") numbers and
• c. Protocol port and parameter numbers.
• 2. Coordinates the operation and evolution of the
  DNS root name server system.
• 3. Coordinates very limited policy development
  reasonably and appropriately related to these
  technical functions.

9
Operating the authoritative functions

• The IANA function
• gTLD formation and Registry Agreements
• gTLD Registrar Agreements
• Accountability Frameworks for ccTLDs

10
IANA functions include the following

• Protocol Parameter Registrations and Assignments
• Root Management (gTLDs and ccTLDs)
• Numbering Resources for the Regional Internet
  Registries
• Administration of the .int Registry

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Structure of DNS
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What we dont do

• Content on the internet
• SPAM
• Financial transactions online
• Consumer protection law
• Privacy law
• Data protection law
• Intellectual Property law
• E-commerce, e-education, e-government etc.

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The Evolution of ICANN
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The InternetArpa Network September 1969
15
The Internet - 2002
Source peacockmaps.com
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IANA
Jon Postel 1943-1998
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The various interest groups competing for
influence over the Domain Name and Addressing
systems put the previous administrative process
under breaking strain
ITU (ITU-T)
WIPO
Consumers
NSI/ Verisign
ccTLD registries
OECD
US Military
Foreign Business
Universities
Registries
Registrars
ISPs
UNDP
IETF
IAB
Intellectual Property interests
FTC
Root Server Operators
Security Issues
NATO
US Business
Developing World Governments
Regional Internet Registries
Civil Society Groups
FCC
OECD governments
ETSI
W3C
Jon Postel / IANA
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The Need for Change Circa 1996/97

• Globalization of Internet
• Commercialization of Internet
• Need for accountability
• Need for more formalized management structure
• Dissatisfaction with lack of competition
• Trademark/domain name conflicts

19
Founding Principles for ICANN

• Stability
• Competition
• Private, bottom-up coordination
• Representation
• Internationalization

20
The public-private policy forum establishes a
bottom-up and balanced mechanism for interest
groups to arrive at consensus on issues within a
limited technical administrative mandate
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ICANN internationalizing

• ICANN has or is in the process of opening offices
  in US, France, Belgium and Australia. Immediate
  plans call for physical ICANN presence in
  African, Latin America and the other Pacific Rim
  countries.
• Staff hail from seven different countries. Board
  represents twelve nationalities.
• Government Advisory Committee over 85
  governments and 5 International Treaty
  Organisations
• Establishment of the ccNSO
• Supporting Organizations and Committees that lead
  the bottoms-up policy development process are
  internationally based and populated

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Board of Directors

• 21 person Board
• 15 voting members
• CEO
• 6 chosen by Supporting Organizations
• 8 chosen by Nominating Committee
• 6 non-voting members
• 4 chosen by Advisory Committees
• 2 chosen by Technical Liaison Group
• Members from
• Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China,
  France, Germany, Ghana, Japan, Kenya, Korea,
  Mexico, the Netherlands, Portugal, Senegal,
  Spain, UK, USA

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Address Supporting Organization

• Represents constituencies involved in IP
  Addressing issues
• Address Council composed of 3 seats for each
  Regional IP Address Registry (RIR)
• APNIC Asia Pacific
• ARIN North America (and sub-Saharan Africa)
• LACNIC Latin American and Caribbean
• RIPE Europe (and Northern Africa)
• AFRINIC In development

27
ICANN and the RIRs have ensured global resource
allocation.

• since 1999, more than 313 million IPv4 addresses
  globally
• 30 have been distributed by RIPE,
• 32 by APNIC,
• 36 by ARIN, and
• 2 by LACNIC.
• IPv6, has also received wide distribution
• 51 distributed by RIPE,
• 28 by APNIC,
• 16 by ARIN and
• almost 3 by LACNIC.

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Generic Names Supporting Organization

• Represents constituencies involved in generic Top
  Level Domain (gtld) issues
• Constituencies
• Contracted with ICANN
• gTLD Registries (managers of gTLDs)
• gTLD Registrars (registrars of domain names)
• Not contracted with ICANN
• ISP and Connectivity Providers
• Commercial and Business Users
• Non-Commercial Users
• Intellectual Property Interests

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Country Code Names Supporting Organization

• The CCNSO Council (proposed)
• 18 voting members, including 3 put forward by the
  Nominating Committee. To ensure geographic
  diversity, ccNSO members in each of the 5
  recognized ICANN regions (the Region or Regions)
  shall be entitled to elect 3 Council members.
• Observer status will be held by a liaison officer
  appointed by the GAC, ALAC, and each of the ccTLD
  regional organizations may also appoint a liaison
  officer.

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Advisory Councils

• Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC) Key and
  Special Relationship with all policy making and
  the Board
• Root Server System Advisory Committee (RSSAC)
• Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC)
• At Large Advisory Committee (ALAC)
• Technical Liaison Group (TLG)

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Partnership in Policy Making
35
The ICANN policy process is open and
international

• Participation in ICANN is open to all who have an
  interest in global Internet policy as it relates
  to ICANN's mission of technical coordination.
• Many online forums which are accessible through
  ICANN's website, and the Supporting Organizations
  and Advisory Committees have active mailing lists
  for participants.
• Public meetings throughout the year. Recent
  meetings have been held in Tunisia, Bucharest,
  Montreal, Shanghai, Rio de Janeiro, and Accra.
  Future meetings will be held in Rome, Malaysia
  and South Africa.

36
ICANN facilitates the development of policies for
setting technical direction in the DNS through a
bottoms-up, collaborative process.

• ICANN staff do not create or make Internet
  policy.
• Rather, policy is created through a bottoms-up
  process involving all necessary constituencies
  and stakeholders in the Internet Community.
• Necessary constituencies and stakeholders are
  those whose technical or policy making expertise
  is required in order to formulate sound policy
  and those who are affected by the promulgation of
  new policy.

37
Bottom-up and Consensus based Policy making

• ICANN policy begins its development in the
  Supporting Organizations and Advisory Committees.
  
• Recognition that a policy is needed may arise
  from anywhere in the Internet community
  (including governments).
• International bodies such as the ASO, the GNSO or
  the Country Code managers are triggered in
  variety of fashions to consider, suggest or
  develop new policy or alterations to existing
  policy
• In particular, they will seek out advice
  regarding how differing regional and governmental
  concerns may affect the outcome of any policy
  implementation. The Supporting Organizations have
  liaisons from the Governmental Advisory Committee
  specifically to facilitate such discussions.
• Once submitted to the ICANN Board of Directors
  for approval, The Board seeks additional advice
  from the Advisory Committees, including the GAC,
  the IAB and Security and Stability Committee.
  When the policy has the demonstrated consensus
  support of the ICANN community, the Board will
  approve it.
• ICANN staff will then oversee the implementation
  of the policy

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Policy issues presently under development

• New Sponsored TLDs
• Policy process for liberalizing gTLDs
• Whois issues and Privacy
• WIPO II implementation issues for IGOs domain
  names
• Internationalized Domain Names

39
Market Impact of ICANNs work
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ICANN has introduced robust competition into the
market for domain registration services.
ICANN-Accredited Registrars 1998-2002 Unit
ICANN-Accredited Registrars
41
Competition has saved consumers over 1Billion
annually in domain registration fees
gTLD domain registration prices 1998-2002 Unit
Widely-available annual cost for gTLD domain
registration
1 Registrar
21 Registrars
162 Registrars
42
Demand for gTLD domains has been strong.
Domain name registrations in the Generic Top
Level Domains 1996-2002 Unit Number of
Registrations
43
Competition in the Registrar market for gTLDs
has resulted in a deep, diverse market.
Market Share of Registrars for .com/.net/.org
1996-2002 Unit Percent of Registrations
100 627,000
100 10,716,618
100 29,865,715
Others
BulkRegister.com
eNom
Go Daddy Software
Melbourne IT
Tucows
Register.com
Network Solutions
Agreements among DOC, ICANN and VeriSign
introduced competition in November 1999
44
Such focus on e-commerce has contributed to
ccTLDs having grown as a proportion of total
registrations.
ccTLD vs. gTLD registration share
2001-2003 Unit Percent of total registrations
as of 1-Jan-01
as of 1-Jan-03
45
ccTLD Registration Totals
Domain Name Registrations in the Top 30
ccTLDs Unit Number (or estimated number) of
Registrations as of 1-Feb-2003
.de Germany 6,117,000
.uk United Kingdom 4,168,000
.nl Netherlands 827,000
.it Italy 767,000
.ar Argentina 626,596
.us United States 529,000
.cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands 500,000
.jp Japan 568,195
.kr Korea, Republic of 507,000
.br Brazil 427,000
.ch Switzerland 500,000
.dk Denmark 428,276
.au Australia 342,895
.ca Canada 310,000
.at Austria 272,000
.tv Tuvalu 261,589
.be Belgium 238,000
.ws Western Samoa 182,504
.fr France 163,000
.pl Poland 175,000
.no Norway 165,000
.cn China 179,000
.se Sweden 148,436
.tw Taiwan 123,000
.ru Russian Federation 156,000
.nz New Zealand 144,251
.cz Czech Republic 131,000
.za South Africa 133,836
.nu Niue 111,795
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Responding to a Vision
47
Some proposals at WSIS

• Internet issues of an international nature
  related to public polices should be coordinated
• The Internet has evolved into a global public
  infrastructure and its governance should
  constitute a core issue of Information society
  agenda. As a consequence, there of1) Call on
  the Secretary General of the ITU, in his capacity
  as the chairman of HLSOC (High Level Summit
  Organization Committee), in collaboration with
  relevant  international organizations, to
  establish and co-ordinate a TF to investigate and
  make proposals on the governance of Internet by
  2005

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Context Observation

• The public-private partnership, bottom-up,
  inclusive model for technical coordination -
  built over the last 35 years and now encapsulated
  in ICANN - involves tens of thousands of
  practitioners on a daily basis. Their results are
  impressive
• On a global level, there are an estimated 55
  million domain names that are registered.
• The Regional Internet Registries and ICANN have
  allocated approximately 313 million IP v4
  addresses since 1999. with enough to last for
  another 20 years.
• The new generation of IP v6 addresses contains
  3.4 by 1038 addresses. Many billions for every
  person alive today. Approximately an IP address
  for each atom of the known Universe.
• Every day 750 millions users use the Internet to
  achieve approximately 18 billion resolutions per
  day. That is more than five times the number of
  phone calls in the North America per day. The
  system works. It works in the same way for all
  users of the Internet.

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• ICANN is open to all interested participants,
  processes are open, and your views are important
  and welcomed!
• For information and where you might want to be
  involved, see
• http//www.icann.org