Topic The verb: the category of mood.

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Topic The verb the category of mood.

• The definition of the grammatical category of
  mood. Mood and Modality.
• The number of moods in English. The traditional
  approach to the problem, the binary approach, the
  approach from meaning to form.
• The Indicative mood. Its boundaries. Means of
  expression.
• The Subjunctive mood. Forms and meaning. A. I.
  Smirnitskiys treatment of the problem.
• The Imperative mood, form and meaning. The
  problem of let forms.

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• ???? ????????? ????
• ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????
• ?????? ?????? ????? 1983
• ????? ????????????? ?????
• ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????
• ???????????????????? 1971
• ????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????????
• ??????? ?.?. ????????????? ??????????
  ??????????? ?????
• ?????? 1981
• ?????????? ?. ?. ?????????? ????????????
  ??????????? ?????
• ?????? 1955

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The definition of the grammatical category of
mood. Mood and Modality.

• The category of mood is the most controversial
  category of the verb.
• Professor Ilyish wrote the category of mood in
  the present English verb has given rise to so
  many discussions and has been treated in so many
  different ways that it seems hardly possible to
  arrive at any more or less convincing and
  universally acceptable conclusion concerning it.
  

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• Extensive investigations were undertaken by
  Soviet scholars in the past decades. They are
  A.I. Smirnitsky, Ilyish, Barkhudarov and a number
  of others. The category of mood expresses the
  character of connection between the process
  denoted by the verb and the actual reality,
  either presenting the process as a fact that
  really happened, happens or will happen, or
  treating it as an imaginary phenomenon.

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• Academician V.Vinogradov wrote Mood expresses
  the relation of the action to reality as a stated
  by the speaker.

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mood

• a way to express the attitude of the speaker to
  what is being said.

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• Mood is one of the kinds of modality, which may
  be expressed also by lexical means (modal verbs
  (may, can, must, etc.) and modal words (perhaps,
  probably, etc.)) and intonation (melody).
• Mood modality is based on the opposition reality
  unreality.

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• The number of moods in English. The traditional
  approach to the problem, the binary approach, the
  approach from meaning to form.
• The forms of the moods serve the needs of the
  speaker to present the action as real, unreal
  (contradicting the state of things in reality) or
  hypothetical.
• The category of mood presents the interpretation
  of the action by the speaker from the point of
  view of its relation to reality.
• Scholars differ greatly in the understanding of
  this category, its scope and, consequently, in
  the number of grammatical forms of the mood they
  find in English. This number- varies from two (in
  Barkhudarov's interpretation) to sixteeen (in
  Deutchbein's interpretation).

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• The Suppositional and Subjunctive I almost
  coincide in meaning but differ in style and
  usage.
• Professor Barkhudarov finds only 2 moods
  Imperative and Indicative, the latter may express
  unreality by the shifting of tenses or context.
  He puts Subjunctive I as Imperative on the ground
  that they both are similar in form and meaning.
• E.g. I suggest that he go there. Go there!

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• Some of the scholars (Plotkin) are of the opinion
  that there is no morphological system of moods at
  all and various mood meanings are expressed
  syntactically and by lexico-semantic means.
• The mood forms are often homonymous and
  synonymous and their meanings often depend on the
  context. E.g. I wish he would go. He would go if
  you went. He said he would go. Various oblique
  mood meanings are connected with syntax rather
  than with morphology and one and the same meaning
  may be expressed by different forms If he came.
  If he had come. Should he come.

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Most of the soviet grammarians distinguish three
moods in Modern English. It is a traditional
division

1. Indicative expressing real facts.
2. Imperative expressing command, order, request.
3. Subjunctive expressing something desirable,
   problematic, unreal etc

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• In our interpretation and classification of moods
  we shall follow the classification system of
  moods presented by Smirnitsky.
• It appears to be the most consistent because it
  is meaning-oriented and it also takes into
  consideration the difference between an
  analytical form and a free syntactic combination.

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His system of moods includes six moods

• the Indicative,
• the Imperative,
• Subjunctive I,
• Subjunctive II,
• the Conditional Mood
• the Suppositional mood

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3. The Indicative mood. Its boundaries. Means of
expression.

• We finished the project on time.
• (The speaker thinks it's a fact.)

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• The Indicative mood presents the action as real
  from the speaker's point of view. It is the most
  frequently used type of mood and it has the
  greatest number of forms. The forms of the
  Indicative mood are used in two communicative
  types of sentences declarative and
  interrogative.

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• Morphologically its the most developed system
  including all the categories of the verb.
• Semantically its a fact mood.
• It serves to present an action as a fact of
  reality. Its the most objective of all the
  moods. It conveys minimum personal attitude to
  the fact Ex. Water consists of oxygen.

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• Indicative means "stating a fact."The
  indicative mood is a category of verb forms that
  we use to state facts. Examples
• "Joe plays outside." (The speaker thinks it's a
  fact.)
• "It will rain soon." (The speaker thinks it's a
  fact.)
• "She was studying all day long." (The speaker
  thinks it's a fact.)
• The indicative mood is the basic mood of verbs in
  English.

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• The Indicative has no special forms of expression
  it is all the tenses in active and passive.
• H. Sweet calls it a fact mood. Its modal meaning
  is reality and it may be considered as expressing
  zero modality.

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4. The Subjunctive mood. Forms and meaning. A. I.
Smirnitskiys treatment of the problem.
"I wish I had some cheese..." (It is not a fact
yet. It is a possibility in the speaker's mind.)
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• Examples
• "It may snow tomorrow."(It is not a fact yet. It
  is a possibility in the speaker's
  mind.)(Incorrect "It will snow tomorrow.")
• "I would do it if I had the time."(It is not a
  fact. It depends on me having the time.)
• "You should listen to your parents."(It is not a
  fact. It is a suggestion.)
• I suggest that Robert wait a few minutes.(It is
  not a fact. It is a suggestion.)(Incorrect "I
  suggest that Robert waits a few minutes.")
• It's important that Sandra leave on time.(It is
  not a fact. It is what needs to be
  done.)(Incorrect "It's important that Sandra
  leaves on time.")

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• "I doubt if Mary would forget your birthday."(It
  is not a fact that Mary will forget the birthday.
  The speakers has  doubts about it.)
• "Father insisted that Jeniffer go to school."(It
  is not a fact that Jeniffer will go to school. It
  is father's intention.)(Incorrect "Father
  insisted that Jeniffer goes to school.")
• If he had worked harder, he would have completed
  the task on time.(He didn't work harder, so he
  didn't complete the task on time.)
• "I wish I were faster." (I am not faster. This
  is a wish in my mind.)(Incorrect "I wish I was
  faster.")
• "If I were you, I would accept the offer." (I am
  not you. This is an unreal condition in my
  mind.)(Incorrect "If I was you, I will accept
  the offer.")
• "I wish it were summer now."(It is not summer
  now. This is a wish in my mind.)(Incorrect "I
  wish it is summer now.")
• "She suggests that Michael move to the sales
  department."(Incorrect "She suggests that
  Michael moves to the sales department.")
• All these sentences were examples of the use of
  the subjunctive mood.

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• We follow the Smirnitskij's classificaion. It is
  the most constant meaning oriented. His system
  includes 6 Moods Real___________Hypothetical____
  ___________Unreal_____ (Indicative)
  (Imperative,subj1,Suppos) (Subj2,Condition)
  

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• The Subjunctive mood may be expressed both
  synthetically and analytically.
• E.g. I wish you were here. Professor Smirnitsky
  distinguishes 4 oblique moods Subjunctive I,
  Subjunctive II, the Conditional and the
  Suppositional. Each of them differs in modal
  meaning and in form.

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• 1) Subjunctive I expresses synthetically a
  problematic action, which doesnt contradict
  reality. E.g. He gave orders that we be present.
  2) Subjunctive II expresses synthetically and
  analytically an unreal action.
• E.g. I wish you were not late. 3) The
  Conditional mood expresses analytically depended
  unreality the realization of the action depends
  on some condition, which may not be expressed.
• E.g. It would be good to be here. 4) The
  Suppositional mood expresses analytically a
  problematic action, not contradicting reality.
  The realization of the action may depend on
  certain circumstances.
• E.g. Should you meet him, tell him to come The
  Suppositional and Subjunctive I almost coincide
  in meaning but differ in style and usage.

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• Suppositional mood specializes in the expression
  of hypothetical actions. The comparison of such
  sentences as
• "If he turns up tell him to -wait for me" and
• "Should he turn up tell him to wait for me"
• shows that both the verbal forms present the
  action as hypothetical but differ in the degree
  of certainty which is higher in the case of
  Present Indefinite Indicative.

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5. The Imperative mood, form and meaning. The
problem of let forms.
"Get plenty of rest!" (This is a command.)
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• The Imperative mood is used to express
  inducement(??????????, ??????) to action, which
  means that the speaker considers the action as
  desirable. The use of the Imperative mood is
  restricted to only one communicative type of
  sentences - imperative sentences.

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• Imperative means "expressing an order."The
  imperative mood is a category of verb forms that
  we use to express orders, instructions, commands
  or requests.Examples
• "Go outside!" (This is a command.)
• "Close the door, please." (This is a request.)
• "Don't move the object." (This is an
  instruction.)

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• represented by one form only, without any
  suffix or ending.
• Has no person, number, tense, aspect, its
  limited to one type of sentence only
• Usually a verb in the imperative sentences has
  no pronoun, but may be used in emotional speech.
  eq. You leave me alone!
• The Imperative mood expresses a command or a
  request to perform an action addressed to smbody,
  but not the action itself. As it doesnt actually
  denote a specific action it has no tense
  category the action always refers to the future.
  
• Aspect distinctions and voice distinctions arent
  characteristic of the imp.mood, although forms
  such as eq. be writing, be warned sometimes
  occur.
• The Imperative mood form coincides with the plain
  stem of the verb, for example Come here! Sit
  down.

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• The negative form is built by means of the aux.
  DO Eq Dont be a fool. Dont worry.
• Emphatic requests\commands eq. Do come and stay
  with us. Do be quiet.
• commands and requests addressed to a second
  person
• The imperative mood is used only in imperative
  sentences and cant be used in questions.

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The problem of let forms.

• GROUP WHICH OUGHT NOT TO BE CLASSED UNDER MODAL
  CATEGORIES
• We must mention first the group
• let me go,
• let us go,
• let him (them) go
• the patterns "let personal pronoun (in the
  objective case) or noun (in the common case)
  infinitive' which may be used to denote

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• (1) a decision of the 1st person singular (i. e.
  of the speaker himself) to commit an action, or
• (2) an appeal to the 1st person plural, that is
  to one or more interlocutors to commit an action
  together with the speaker, or
• (3) an appeal to the 3rd person (singular or
  plural) to commit some action.

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• There is the question whether groups of this
  structure can or cannot be recognised as
  analytical forms of the imperative.
• This question must be answered in the negative
  for the following reasons.
• The noun or pronoun following the verb let stands
  in an object relation to this verb. This is
  especially clear with personal pronouns, which
  are bound to appear in the objective case form
• Let me go (not I),
• let him go (not he),
• If we were to say that the formation "let
  personal pronoun infinitive" is a form of the
  imperative, we should have to accept the
  conclusion that the subject is expressed by a
  pronoun in the objective case (the nominative
  being impossible here), which is obviously
  unacceptable, as it would run counter to all the
  principles of English syntactic structure.
• This formation is therefore not an analytical
  form of the imperative mood, and the verb let not
  an auxiliary of that mood (or, indeed, of any
  other grammatical category).

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• Expressions of the type let me go, let us go, let
  him go are therefore not in any way morphological
  phenomena. They belong to syntax. The imperative
  mood is represented by 2nd person forms only.

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Thank you for your attention